The effects of revaluation Chinas currency to the us and China economy Essay

The effects of revaluation Chinas currency to the us and China economy - Essay Example Furthermore, in order to avoid feud with international institutions like the IMF and WTO as well as some trade partners, Chinese officials said that before they begin to change the value of their currency, a long-term stability would be needed in order to avoid dislodgment in their economy (Sanford 2005). Chinese officials have announced a new exchange rate on July 21, 2005. This review of literature will focus on the implications of the undervalued Yuan to China and U.S. as well as its other trade partners and the effects of a revaluation to the economy of China and U.S. 1. China’s total foreign currency reserves have amounted to $346.5 billion, currently the worlds’ second largest after Japan. This reflects the strength of Chinas exports and its ability to attract foreign investment. As a result, some of Chinas trading partners claim that their trade deficits are aggravated by the undervalued yuan. An example of this is China’s part in the contentious U.S. trade deficit wherein China is accounted for 21 per cent of the US total trade deficit (Taylor, 2006). Some experts claim that once the Chinese currency revaluation and appreciation; market forces will drive the currency upwards, thus lessening the trade gap. The current situation and value of the Chinese currency is similar to the Japanese yen in the early 1980s. Japan was accounted for half of the USs trade deficit during the 80s. The 1985 "Plaza Accord" forced the yen to rise against the dollar. 2. The undervalued yuan brought major incursions of capital both from domestic and foreign speculators. Local companies are using the current economic situation wherein Chinas capital market remains closed, to divert their export earnings back to China, a different event after so many years of limiting their Yuan holdings. Foreign currencies are also flowing in through the black market.

User Centered Design Essay Example for Free

User Centered Design Essay The Liveperson website communicate their purpose very well because the website shows important elements that a website needs to make the website efficient. There are five key elements in order to that may be identified: The Liveperson website shows their company brandmark on the upper-left corner of the website in a normal size very easy to see by the human eye. In the same way the website has in the middle of the page an explicit tagline that reads: â€Å" Liveperson creates meaningful, realtime customer connections that help businesses increase conversions and improve consumers experience,† which summarizes what the company does. Also, the website shows in the middle of the page a photo slider, with their news and more important services to offer. Then, the website shows at the top and at the bottom of the page the main navigation bar, which includes links to other information found on the website. To finalize this point, the home page is different from the other pages on the site but maintains the same font, color palette and design, making the website very consistent. Communicating Information about the company. The second point of this analysis talks about the communicating of information about the company. The website communicate very well their information too. As the first point, the website shows many of the important elements of this point, which makes a website efficient. Among this point we have: The website homepage has a link called â€Å"About Liveperson,† which includes information elements such as: â€Å"our culture, our partner, investor relations, careers and contacts us.† In the same way, at the end of the website we can see the same link with the same information elements. Then, the website has in their main navigation bar a press room link, used for press purposes, showing the most important company headlines. Also, the website, has a privacy policy link at the bottom of the homepage, which include the privacy policy of the company, but does not include internal company information. Content Writing. The writing content of the website is very effective and doesn’t use clever phrases and marketing lingo, making the writing content very readable and easy to understand. Also, all the writing content is written in sentence case and uses a consistent capitalization. Archives and Accessing Past Content. The website doesn’t have an access to past content. Links. The links work perfectly, are different one from each other, and are very scannable. Also the site doesn’t use the word â€Å"link† to indicate links on the page. Navigation. The primary navigation is located in a highly noticeable place, grouping items for the same category link, and doesn’t use made-up words for category navigation choices. Search. The website doesn’t have a search box. Tools and task shortcuts. The website offer direct access to high priority tasks. It includes a chat room, that offers the opportunity to chat with a company representative. Graphic and animations. The website shows the graphic elements in an appropriate way. For example, it shows graphics with real content and displays them ina good size, avoiding watermarks and animation of critical elements of the page such as logo or tag line. Graphic Design. In the graphic design part, the website is very consistent, using the same color palette and two different fonts which works very well. Additionally, the background color and the font color make a highly contrast, making the content very readable and not over loaded for the human eye. The most critical elements of the website are very visible, using their brandmark in a judicious way. The website is presented in vertical scrolling. UI Widgets. The website shows widgets for print and to connect to social network sites such as facebook, twitter, youtube, google, and linkedln. Window Titles. In the windows titles, the website includes a short description of the site, and the windows titles on the website are less than eight words. URLs. The URL is shown in a good way, showing as http://www.liveperson.com. News and Press releases. The News and Press releases section shows the headlines in a succinct and descriptive way. It includes a summary of the headline story, and at the bottom of the story shows a link that reads, â€Å"For more information visit www.websitename.com,† to show the complete story headline. Pop up windows and staging pages. The website only allows one pop up window for the chat room. The chat room pop up window appears once, then users have the opportunity to close or leave open. Advertising. The website only make advertises of their products, making the website more professional. Welcomes. The website doesn’t use welcome messages on the site. Credits. The website doesn’t have a credit link, which makes references to the designers of the website. It only shows the awards that the site has won in the Press releases link. Page Reload and Refresh. The website doesn’t refresh the pages automatically. Customization. The website doesn’t offer customizations. Gathering Customer Data. The website only gather customer data in the chat room section. Fostering community. The website offers a link called customer community, which allows users to post in a blog comments and questions. Dates and Times. The website doesn’t show date and time. Stock Quotes and Displaying Numbers. The website doesn’t show stock quotes and or display numbers. Align decimal points when showing columns of numbers. The website doesn’t show columns of numbers.

Ineffective Breathing Pattern: NANDA-I, NIC, NOC

Ineffective Breathing Pattern: NANDA-I, NIC, NOC Ineffective Breathing Pattern Informatics is defined as the collection, classification, storage, retrieval, and dissemination of recorded knowledge (Merriam Webster Online Dictionary, 2014). Moreover, nursing informatics is defined as a specialization of nursing that revolves around the characteristics of data, information, and knowledge combined (CCN, 2014). The progression of the three characteristics mentioned, coupled with the application of wisdom, serve to provide the framework for nursing informatics’ metastructure (CCN, 2014). Nursing informatics, although often unrealized, is utilized in a myriad of ways by nurses to not only support the work that they do, but to also aid in the decision-making process for patients and other healthcare providers such to achieve favorable outcomes, (CCN, 2014). One very important example of how nurses use informatics is through the utilization of nursing terminology. According to Hardiker (2012, p. 112), â€Å"nursing terminology serves as a vehicle to permit nurses to capture, represent, access, and communicate data, information, and knowledge. In addition, a standardized nursing terminology is a nursing terminology that is in some way approved by an appropriate authority, or by general consent; In North America, one such authority is the American Nurses Association â€Å". The following paper is a detailed review by the author regarding a nurse-patient scenario as it flows through three standardized nursing terminologies: NANDA, NIC, and NOC while subsequently being critiqued against the metastructure of nursing informatics, mentioned above. In conclusion, the author will summarize this paper by drawing the sections of the paper together and offering his own perspective gained through this experience. Ineffective Breathing Pattern: NANDA-I, NIC, NOC NANDA International, Inc. (NANDA-I), the Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) and the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) together provide a set of terminology to afford comprehensive, research-based, standardized classifications of nursing diagnoses, nursing interventions and nursing-sensitive patient outcomes (NNN, 2014). NANDA-I serves as a nursing terminology that maintains an agreed set of nursing diagnoses organized as a multiaxial taxonomy of domains and classes (Hardiker, 2012, p. 113). According to Bulechek, Butcher, Dochterman, and Wagner (2013), â€Å"NIC is a comprehensive, research-based, standardized classification of interventions that nurses perform. NIC covers physiological and psychological interventions. As with NANDA-I, NIC interventions are organized into classes and domains†. According to Moorhead, Johnson, Maas, and Swanson (2013), â€Å"NOC is a comprehensive, standardized classification of patient/client outcomes developed to evaluate the effe cts of interventions provided by nurses or other health care professionals. As with NANDA-I and NIC, NOC’s outcomes work in unison to assist patient outcomes†. As a nurse on a medical/surgical/telemetry floor this author encounters a very diverse range of patients with a plethora of morbidities; one very common admitting diagnosis is: Ineffective Breathing Pattern. â€Å"I can hardly breath and I’m scared; it seems as if this is getting worse, please help me†. NANDA-I defines an ineffective breathing pattern as: inspiration and/or expiration that does not provide adequate ventilation (Ralph Taylor, 2011). Patient X has respirations of 32, pulse of 118, a blood pressure of 145/92, and presents with nasal flaring, and her lips are pursed as she has an increased focus on trying to breathe while currently on 3 liters of oxygen via nasal cannula. Pt. X’s health history reveals a retired patient with end-stage COPD, obesity, and she has been a smoker for well over thirty years; her COPD has worsened through the years and she has developed an increasing level of anxiety. Pt. X has been admitted to the hospital several times o ver the past several years with similar complaints; however, over the past six months her condition has worsened. Applying NIC to this scenario it is suggested that the nurse encourage slow, deep breathing, have the patient sit up in bed, turn frequently and cough; the nurse is to monitor respiratory and oxygenation status, as appropriate. In addition, the nurse should ascertain whether the patient’s dyspnea is physiological, psychological, or a combination of both. Last but not least, applying NOC to this patient scenario, the patient through utilization of the NIC interventions, the patient will report the ability to breath comfortably and demonstrate the ability to perform pursed-lip breathing to assist controlling her breathing; moreover, her vital signs will fall into normal ranges: respirations less than 20, pulse less than 100, and a reduced blood pressure that is near her baseline which is 120/80. As a result, the patient should be able to vocalize less stress related to her breathing, and understand how to alleviate future episodes ((Ralph Taylor, 2011). In a textbook situation, referring to the nursing standard terminologies of NANDA-I, NIC, and NOC should provide a foundation for assisting one’s patient encountering an ineffective breathing pattern. Data, Information, Knowledge, and Wisdom A familiarity regarding standard nursing terminologies provides an excellent reference for nursing; however, a large majority of nurses have a limited knowledge or experience with standard nursing terminologies (Schwiran Thede, 2011). Remarkably, having a familiarity with diagnoses, interventions, and outcomes is only that, a familiarity. A good nurse recognizes that a text-book definition and guidelines are simply tools to assist in the overall care for one’s patient. By placing Patient X’s scenario into the nursing informatics’ metastructure, care for one’s patient base can be greatly enhanced. First, one has to account for the raw data: increased respirations, increased pulse, increased blood pressure, and a heightened anxiety level. It is very important when providing patient care to remember that data, by itself has no particular meaning (CCN, 2014). Second, by retrieving all recorded data for patient X, reviewing trends, and placing her current data in contextual review allows a nurse to convert this raw data into information (CCN, 2014). A review of patient X’s data reveals that her current assessment presents data that exceeds her normal baselines. Third, by taking into consideration patient X’s physiological data as well as her physiologic and psychological presentation coupled with the nurse’s working knowledge base and experience regarding the information presented, this nurse recognizes patient X as having an ineffective breathing pattern. Last but not least, wisdom is realized by not only having an appropriate knowledge base to address the patient’s current health scenario but the skill-set, experience, and critical thinking skills of knowing when and how to take action (CCN, 2014; McKie, et al., 2012). Conclusion According to Robert and Petersen (2013), â€Å"Nurses must be able to think critically to face the challenges of today’s burgeoning technological advances, and ensure safe passage and positive outcomes for patients†. The referenced quote sums up the writing of this paper’s message and the realized experience while writing this paper by its author. Nursing is a very complex profession that has many tools to advance and evolve. By reviewing patient X’s condition, applying it through the nursing terminologies of NANDA-I, NIC, and NOC, and subsequently reviewing it against nursing informatics’ metastructure one can clearly understand that there are many platforms available to properly assist in the care for not only patient X, but our community at-large. References Bulechek, G., Butcher, H., Dochterman, J., Wagner, C. (Eds.). (2013). Nursing interventions classification (NIC) (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier. Chamberlain College of Nursing. (2014). NR512 Fundamentals of Nursing Informatics: Weeks 1-3 Lessons [PowerPoint]. St. Louis, MO Online Publication. Hardiker, N. (2012). Developing standardized terminologies to support nursing practice. In D. McGonigle K. Mastrian (Eds.), Nursing informatics and the foundation of knowledge (2nd ed.). (pp. 111–120), Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett. Informatics. Merriam webster online dictionary. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.merriam webster.com/dictionary/informatics McKie, A., Baguley, F., Guthrie, C., Jackson, C., Kirkpatrick, P., Laing, A., Wimpenny, P. (2012). Exploring clinical wisdom in nursing education. Nursing Ethics, 19(2), 252-267. doi:10.1177/0969733011416841 Moorhead, S., Johnson, M., Maas, M., Swanson, E. (Eds.). (2013). Nursing outcomesclassification (NOC) (5th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier. NNN.(n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.nanda.org/nanda-i-nic-noc.html Ralph, S. S., Taylor, C. M. (2011, 8th ed.). Sparks and Taylor’s Nursing DiagnosisReference Manual. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer / Lippincott Williams Wilkins Robert, R.R, Petersen, S. (2013). Critical thinking at the bedside: Providing safe passage to patients. MEDSURG Nursing, 22(2), 85-118. Schwiran, P. M., Thede, L. Q. (2011). Informatics: The standardized nursing terminologies: A national survey of nurses experiences and attitudes. Online Journal Of Issues In Nursing, 16(2), 1. doi:10.3912/OJIN.Vol16No02InfoCol01 Public private partnership: Part II Public private partnership: Part II PPP is an agreement/contract between Public agencies and Private sectors. Public and Private sectors joins hands to undertake a project. Public and Private Partnership may be defined as A corporate venture between the Public and Private sectors, build on the expertise of each partner that meets clearly defined Public needs through the appropriate allocation of resources, risk and rewards. PPP is a joint venture of Public and Private sectors and collaboration between Public and Private sectors. The PPP depend on the expertise of both the Public and Private sectors. PPP is a contract that involves a contract between Public and Private sector in which Private sectors provide a Public services/Projects and assume substantial, financial, technical and operational risk in the project. PPP is a step toward involving Private sector and to hold them accountable for input. PPP address peoples needs clearly through the appropriate allocation of resources, risk and rewards. PPP is growing day to day because it is an efficient way of delivering the Public services to the masses. ADVANTAGES OF PPP: Some of the advantages are Diversification of Risk. Efficiency. Cost effective ( time and money saving). Creation of value added goods and services. Accountability for provision of quality services. Effective utilization of state assets. Innovation and diversity in Public Private services. DISADVANTAGES OF PPP: Disadvantages of PPP are Complexity of the Project. A construction delay in the projects. Operational difficulty. Financial risk.(the risk that the project dont get funds/finance). Commercial risk (Demand and payment risk). Changes in Exchange rates. Regulatory (Changes in laws like tariffs) Political situation. Force majeure (Natural disasters). TYPES OF PPP MODELS: Different types of PPP models are Service contracts. Management contracts. Leasing contracts. Concession contracts. Green field contracts. Build, Operate transfer contracts. In design build finance contracts. Now a brief overview of these contracts and their strengths and weaknesses. Service contracts: Service contracts is a contract between public agencies and private sectors and is suited for simple and short term requirements. It is the limited type of PPPs model. In this agreement the Private party procure operation of an assets for short period. The period of two to five years. In this contract the responsibility for investment and management of the project are of the Public sector and also bears the financial and residual value risks. While the Private sector provides the services. Potential Strengths: The main advantages of service contracts are It provides us relatively low risk option for the expansion of Private sector. It is less expensive to deliver the public services. It encourages the competition the Private sector. It is a good source of technology transfer. It is less costly. Potential weakness: The main disadvantages of this contract is It is a short term contract/project and is not suitable for to pool up capital. Loss of managerial control. Loss of flexibility. Loss of internal and external focus. Loss of competitive edge. Management contracts: In this type of Contracts the responsibility for the operation and management is passed to the Private sectors. The life of these types of contracts are from three to five years but can be extended. The Private sector/party is remunerated/hired on a fixed fee basis or on the incentives or bonuses basis linked to a related or specific task. In these types of contracts the Public sector bears the financial and investment risks. This is an efficient way undertaking a project because the Private sector is efficient and have enough skills and strong interest in improving the service quality. Potential strengths: The main advantage of these contracts are that the ownership remains with the Government and only the operation and management is transferred to the Private party. Management contracts are less controversial in nature. These types of contracts are less expansive because the Private sector is more efficient and can do the job betterly than the Public sector because of the experienced and skilled management. Potential weakness: Some of the major disadvantages of management contracts are The government gives a certain portion of control to the Private sector which may lead to low quality services. Delay in time. The flexibility in these contracts are finished or reduced. The quality of the product is reduced. The Private party must be clearly evaluated for best performance. Leasing contracts: Leasing means when one party lesser gives his assets to another party lessee on some fixed payments. In leasing the Private party purchase the income streams generated by the Public owned assets for an exchange of fixed leased payments and the Private party is responsible for maintenance and operation of the assets. The duration of leasing is from ten to twelve years. Leasing contract is best for Infrastructure development. Potential strengths: The leasing finance is a fixed rate finance. Leasing is inflation friendly. Through leasing and this contract brings efficiency in the Public service delivery. In leasing contracts the Private sector competitively bid for the lease means providing the services to the general people. The increase in the leasing contracts is almost due to the improved and new technology. Potential weakness: As we know that the leasing contract is based on the streams of payments/installments made by the Private sector but if the Private sector doesnt make payment in time than a problem arises and one of the main disadvantage of leasing contract for the Private sector is that the responsibility for maintenance and capital investment is of Private sector. Concession contracts: Concession contracts is a type of leasing contracts in which the ownership of the assets remain with the Government and the Private party is responsible for the maintenance of the assets and also to provide the capital investment and at the end or completion of the project the Government receive the project and pay a certain sum of amount to the Private party according to the contract. In these type of contracts the Government gives concession to the Private sectors to explore some thing like oil and gas. Potential strengths: The advantages of the concession contract is that it mobilize the funds/capital from the Private sector for the construction and exploration of existing projects. In concession contracts the Government assets are properly utilized and maintained by the Private sector efficiently and after completion the Private sector gives the project/assets to the Government and the Government pays a certain amount of money to the Private sector according to the contract. Through bidding the contract Government creates competition among the Private sector which leads to low cost. Potential weakness: One of the major disadvantage of this contract is that the timing/validity of these projects are more and these contracts are long term contracts which leads to complexity. The maturity of these projects are more than 20 years. Due to the longer period it is difficult to manage and organized. It requires complex monitoring and design system and also reduce competition because a few big Private contractors are available. Green field contracts: These types of contracts are mostly used for the development of new projects. In these type of contracts the government only provide the land to the private sector. Examples of Greenfield contracts are projects like new factories, airports, development of parks which are build from scratch. Potential strengths: In green field contracts the Government only provide the assets and the Private sector build, design, develop and manage the assets. It is used for developing the new projects like parks and airports etc. Build, operate transfer contracts: In these types of contracts the Private party is responsible for the designing, constructing and the operation of the assets. In these types of contracts the government bears the financial risk but have control to stop the project at any stage. These types of contracts are best for water and wastage projects. BOT has the following types. Built own operate transfer (BOOT). Built lease operate transfer (BLOT). Built rent operate transfer (BROT). Potential strengths: The risk is shared with the Private sector. Due to the efficiency in the Private sector the Government gives projects to the Private sector. The Private sector is responsible for the design, construction and service delivery. The Government gives these types of projects mostly to the experienced and skilled Private sectors. It also facilitate the transfer of advanced technology by introducing international contractors in the host country. It is an effective way to bring the Private funds for development of new projects like infrastructure and water enhancement development. Potential weakness: Some of the main disadvantage of this contract is that it is not suitable for small projects. The transaction cost in the BOT is higher as compared to the other contracts. The success of the BOT project depends upon the funds raising and when substantial revenue are generated in the project during the operation phase. BOT contracts may be costly some times. In design build finance contracts: In these types of contracts the Private sector/party design the goods and services according to the requirement setted by the Government entities. These type of contracts are best for roads construction and water. Potential strengths: The Private sector contractor is responsible for the design and the construction. Subject to the provision that the contractor is not, under an unamended JCT WCD, responsible for any design provided to him in the Employers Requirements document, the employer should have a single point of responsibility and liability against the contractor. This is more advantageous than the traditional forms of contract where the employer has entered into separate construction and design agreements. A common problem being that if a claim is made, the contractor, architect or other design consultants may argue over the extent of their responsibility. This contract is time saving means that the Private sector are interested to complete the project quickly and is also cost saving and the product is of good quality because the Private sector is more efficient than Public sector and the product is prepared according to the government requirements. Potential weakness: The main disadvantage of this contract is that government mostly give the projects to the large Private sectors and ignores the small Private sector and also reduce the competition through ignoring the small sectors. There may arise the problem of favoritism and also the cost of project may arise through reducing competition in the Private sector and also may arise problems in designing. The perception remains, certainly amongst architects, that design and build is not the appropriate procurement method where design quality is a high priority. There is only limited scope for the employer to make changes to his requirements once the Employers Requirements and Contractors Proposals have been agreed otherwise the cost consequences may be prohibitive. A case of Public Private Partnership of the Melaka-Manipal Medical College: Background: Melaka-Manipal Medical College is the first Indo-Malaysian joint venture in private medical education. The proposal was conceived from the Look East Policy of the former Prime Minister, Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad. He recognized the need for greater South-South cooperation in the economic and social sectors. This led to the signing of an agreement in New Delhi in 1993, witnessed by both the Prime Ministers of Malaysia and India. The agreement was between the Joint Venture Medical College Corporation (JVMC) Malaysia and the Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE) India to offer a twinning programme leading to the MBBS degree. The objective was to provide additional doctors for Malaysia and offer opportunities for students in this region to study medicine at a cheaper cost than in the West. From 1953 to 1993, Manipal had trained over 2700 doctors from Malaysia. The situation changed in 1993 with the new policy on admission of foreign students to medical colleges in India. Malaysia was s uddenly in urgent need of training opportunities within a minimum lead period. The Melaka-Manipal Medical College seemed to be an excellent idea. The Partnership Process The partners in the Joint Venture Medical College are: State Government of Melaka. Manipal Group. Members of the Indian Diaspora. Contribution of Government of Malaysia Use of Hospitals and Health Centers in two states MMMC is allowed to use the facilities of the General Hospital at Muar and Melaka and Health Centers for the purpose of the teaching and training of students. Teaching Staff Consultants in the hospitals assist in the clinical training of the students. Over 100 consultants work as part time teachers. The Malaysian Medical Council considers the services of 3 part time faculty equivalent to 1 full time employee. Supervisory and Advisory Services The government regulatory bodies i.e. the Malaysian Medical Council and the National Accreditation Board supervise and provide advisory services to ensure maintenance of minimum standards in conformity with government regulations. Financial Assistance to students Government agencies provide scholarship to deserving students admitted to MMMC. Contribution of Private Partners Basic Science Training at Manipal There is a shortage of basic science Faculty in Malaysia hence the excellent facilities at the Manipal Campus India are used for the first phase. Infrastructure for the Melaka Campus Construction of the campus at Melaka including hostel and recreational facilities comparable to the best in the country. Provision of Patient-Care Service MMMC provides faculty to augment patient-care at the hospitals and health centers. Provision of trained medical officers to meet countrys requirement The newly graduated doctor is required to undergo compulsory rotating resident houseman ship for a period of one year. Training of staff in the Health Centers and arranging CME for doctors These activities help in upgrading the standards of doctors and Para medical personnel in the health centers. The CMEs arranged allow doctors to keep abreast with advancing medical knowledge. BENEFITS FOR ALL, A WIN WIN SITUATION: Outcomes and Benefits for Malaysia The Joint Venture helps the health sector in Malaysia to move towards the desired doctor: population ratio in a planned manner. MMMC has contributed 213 doctors in the past two years. Since the clinical training is carried out in Government Hospitals and Health Centers in Malaysia, the graduates are very conversant with the functioning of the government health sector and national health policies. Induction of trained faculty from India augments the specialist manpower in Malaysia. The Melaka-Manipal Medical College would otherwise have drawn a large number of specialists from the Malaysian health delivery system. There is an extreme shortage of teachers in Basic Sciences hence this phase of training is carried out in India. The college helps to create an academic and research environment in the Government Hospitals used for teaching, thus upgrading their quality of care. Benefits for the Students An opportunity to study medicine in a situation where capacity is restricted. Cost of education is considerably less than studying in the western countries. Living on a multidisciplinary university campus at Manipal gives the student a unique cross-cultural experience and builds confidence and independence. The student becomes a part of an esteemed educational system with an international reputation and a worldwide alumnus. The clinical phase is carried out in government hospitals in Malaysia where the students work with patients and staff from different ethnic backgrounds akin to their own. This allows for effective communication and rapport and seamless merger into the environment into which they ultimately will work. Benefit Outcomes for the Private Partners For Manipal, the establishment of the college in Malaysia, gives the opportunities to: Establishing a medical college in the minimum lead period and at favorable costs because of the public-private partnerships. Retain old links with India, having trained 2700 Malaysian doctors in Manipal To establish its reputation and brand name Overseas to acquire the best practices in medical education and health delivery and to prepare for global competition Limiting Factors for A PPP: Medical Education in India is regulated by the Medical Council and the Ministry of Health. The present statutory conditions imposed by the MCI do not allow for the flexibility that is required to foster partnerships between the Public and Private sectors. The regulations are too stringent with regard to ownership and operation of teaching hospitals, For the local partners to share in the thrill of creating an institution in the service of their country and the reputation and financial gains that will accrue in the future. Conclusion of the Case: It has been a very rewarding experience to work with the public sector in Malaysia. Good governance and an enabling environment have allowed for a trickle down effect, in that the value of such cooperative efforts seems to be known to all categories of employees. This facilitates excellent work relationships allowing for a participatory process which is stimulating. The Regulatory process is positive with the correct focus on quality. As an incremental approach Manipal is exploring the possibilities of starting Dental, Pharmacy, and Allied Health Programmes. The success of the venture is due to the pragmatic approach of the Government of Malaysia towards Public Private Partnerships in education and healthcare. Conclusions: From the above discussion and after studying the models of PPP it is clear that The Partnership is not always fruitful for the Government SO a Government should enter to contracts with Private sector after assessing the Private sector efficiency and the Government must have to share the risk with the Private party. If Government does not transfer an appropriate level of risk to the private sector then it should not be availed. But after entering the successful contract with the Private sector the Government can easily deliver quality services. References: Articles from Newsletter. www.pppcouncil.ca www.pcp.org.pk www.books.google.com.pk Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2005) by Nagra JS. Article by Mohammed Jalaudin.

Is Of mice and men a pessimistic story? Essay -- English Literature

Is Of mice and men a pessimistic story? Of mice and men is a great novel. It covers many points, racism, sexism, the depression and a lot of others. To some people the novel is an optimistic story to others it is pessimistic. But which is it really? "Of mice and men" covers a lot of points; the depression with people going from job to job wandering and not getting a long-term job. Lennie and George go from job to job starting from the town, weed and then going to the new ranch. They did not like it there and they were going to leave in a few months to go to a new place. Candy even says to George that you really are here to work then, we have a lot of people come in on the Saturday get their meal and bed until Sunday and then go. This is an example of the depression, candy s...

Impact of Christianity in Australia Essay

* The proportion of Christians in the Australian population continues to decline. * Internationally, the proportion of Christians in developing countries is tending to increase, whereas the proportion of Christians in developed countries generally is decreasing. * This paper first provides a brief overview of the current Australian demographic data and trends in relation to Christian denominations and other religious groups over the past 100 years. * Based on Christianity’s past contribution to Australian society, it then posits a framework for a way forward to contribute to the current and future issues and problems confronting Christianity in Australian society. * Christianity had a significant impact on education and public morality in Australia whin the years of 1788-1900. In relation to public morality, I discuss the significance that the Christian church had on Australian society in the 1800’s by the establishing of the Temperance movement as well as several other actions involving education. * While Christianity played a crucial part in all aspects of Australian society throughout the pre-federation years 1788 to 1900, it had a significant impact on education and public morality. * The influence of Christianity in education was evident through the establishment of a separate education system and, in public morality the formation of the temperance movement as well as other actions. * Education was greatly influenced by Christianity during 1788 through to 1900. Settlers concerned to leave religious divisions in Britain believed that ties between church and state should be eradicated and that churches be supported by their own followers. * Subsequently, with numerous denominations supporting this idea, concerns were partly met by the granting of financial aid to the major religious groups, including the Church of England. * Individuals churches used this aid to maximise its religious and educational influence. * Governor Bourke later extended the state financial aid and attempted to introduce government schools based on the national system in his native Ireland. * However, non-Anglican Protestants, who had formed in 1835 a society for promoting schools where the Bible would be a basis for general education, insisted on its wider use in the proposed national schools than was permitted in the Irish system. * Catholics supported the Governor’s proposal which further angered the Protestants. The successive alliance between the Anglicans and the Protestant denominations favourably brought about an anti-Catholic move to condemn concessions to a religious minority at the expense of national school systems based on the religious teachings of the Bible. * In the past, Christianity has made a sustained and valuable contribution to Australian communities. * To focus on the changing religious demographics in Australia may be discouraging for many Christians, but Christianity again can make a valuable contribution to contemporary societies – if its attention is focussed on the community and not on itself. * This paper proposes that Christians learn from the past and, rather than introspectively focussing on maintaining the two first positions described above, accept the third position and engage with existing communities by utilising communal practical life-style Christian principles. * Perhaps from this new perspective, Christianity will become relevant and re-invigorate the traditional (Christian) Australian values as Described by Linder (2006), values of justice and a fair go, self-sacrifice for the good of the community, mateship based on selflessness, and neighbor love.

Livelihood system among koyas

INTRODUCTION In the phase of globalization the question of livelihood has captured all the points of discussion. Various people have defined livelihood differently. Chambers and Conway (1992) define â€Å"A livelihood comprises the abilities, assets (stores, resources, claims and access) and activities required for a means of living: a livelihood is sustainable which can cope with and recover from stress and shocks, maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets, and provide sustainable livelihood opportunities to the next generation; and contribute net benefits to other livelihoods at the local and global bevels In the long and In the short term. In present days the Issue of livelihood has become a topic of concern In the context of tribal communities. Since centuries the tribal communities have been living in and around the forests, practicing hunting and gathering activities, fishing and shifting cultivation have faced difficulties in their survival. Traditionally they depend on forest resources for their livelihoods. Their dependence on forest was not merely for livelihood but also for their cultural requirement.For these people, forests are Important source of livelihood and means f survival (Saxons, 1999). Though, farming was there It was not much prominent. Their economy was subsistence in nature. Moreover, a number of small tribal groups are completely dependent on the forest for their livelihood. Fernando (1984) argues or that the destruction of forests over the past few decades has deprived tribes of their livelihood, particularly source of food. It has also resulted in their impoverishment, indebtedness and in many cases land alienation and even bondage.The concept of livelihoods and livelihood analysis emerged In the mild-inlets- loosely associated with poverty reduction strategies. Livelihood of the poor can never be understand in any track logic be it economic, social, technical, cultural or political. The livelihood systems are made up very div erse elements which taken together constitute the physical, economic, social and cultural wherein families live (Hogged, 2006). The life style and tradition of each indigenous community is unique and is related to the utilization of particular natural resource and particular type of work.They have been collecting resources from forest without causing any damage to It. The forest provides them food and livelihood security. Since tribal communities live in close proximity with biodiversity rich landscapes, they have evolved local specific and novel livelihood strategies based on their indigenous knowledge. This knowledge was passed on through generations and it played an important role in the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. By and large, they were depending on nature for their survival.Social and cultural diversity, coupled with the environmental complexity, have generated diverse approaches and technologies In he management and use of different natural resources (Mi shear, 2007). It is important to note that, traditionally villagers, specifically the tribal, managed their affairs and resources on a sustainable basis (Roy Barman, 1993). Their village councils ensured strict observance of institutionalized rules and cultural practices for the sustainable use and management of natural resources.They also regulated the use of natural resources more carefully. Studies have shown that most of the tribal communities effective methods to conserve them (Agile and Berks, cited from Sings, 1996). Indigenous peoples' knowledge, conservation beliefs and values, environmentally adaptive and sensitive land use, resource management practices, and determined defense of territory and natural resources have enabled many of them to inhabit in the natural habitats for centuries without destroying their ecosystems and biodiversity (Setters, 1997).The interaction between human being and nature has always been reciprocal. In tribal communities where there always exist a symbiotic relationship between their livelihood pursuits and the surrounding natural resources ease like the forest, land, water bodies, mineral resource and other flora and fauna. For tribal people, land is important source of livelihoods. Around 90% of tribe's populations in India are depending on land directly or indirectly for their survival (Versa 1995). Their economy is primarily agro based. Land is the only tangible asset for them.Apart from the land forest is the second source of their livelihood. They used to collect various minor forest products from forest for their survival. There economy was subsistence in nature. In Kumara, the village selected for the present study, the people's traditional activities are mostly dependent on forest and agriculture. During traditional society the size of population was small, availability of land per person was sufficient for sustaining and forest was near to their villages and able to fulfill villager's needs.They emphasize on equa lity and collectively while using natural resource. Their custom and tradition were not against the natural law. They have sufficient indigenous knowledge on how to use any plants or herbs as medicine. Significance of the study: Kayos were nomadic people in the past but got changed due to modernized technology. Their society became heterogeneous society because of the adoption of Hinduism, its rituals, festivals, practices, modern education, life style etc. Their culture is being rapidly changed by the influence of mainstream society.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: 1) To understand the major livelihoods among Kayos of Wrangle. 2) To give an information about the connection between livelihoods and resources 3) To comprehend changing pattern of livelihoods and their coping mechanism. 4) To asses the government interventions in livelihood Data collection in the study area: The study area of KUMARA VILLAGE is under Davit Gram Penchant of Triangular Amanda, Wrangle District of Andorra Pradesh, Which is at a distance of 190 SMS from Hydrated.The fieldwork was carried out for 25 days as part of the study. Village census: In the first week the census data of the entire village was obtained. All men and women in the village were mostly farmers or agriculture labors, so to collect the census data we had to go in the morning before they leave to their fields. The interviews were conducted as per the convenience of the person after their consent was obtained. Group interviews: about how they organize different activities and informally asked them how they used to do the same activities in the past.The conversations revealed how they organized work in their respective fields and how obligatory it is to go and work when someone calls . We observed the nature of sharing labor in the village. In the village we can find of villagers taking turns for grazing of animals in the lands, this kind of turns showing the unity of the tribal people. Key informants: Key informants are important in the collection of data regarding for understanding the ways of hunting, rituals processes and also for understanding making of Sara (illegal) cheap liquor which they sell to earn money.Students of the village who are studying in colleges in Pasta and Hammond were very helpful in gathering information. Edema, Swaths and saran lath were very informative about how they celebrate festivals and how they are collecting minor forest products from forest. They took us to their fields and showed their fields and gave information. Savanna who is working as a forest officer in Pasta gave information about marriage celebrations, family relations etc.Limitation of the study: As the period of stay was very short and as the first week days were spent in rapport building the time left for actual data collection was very short. Hence sufficient information regarding some aspects could not be collected. Due to time constraint the fieldwork was carried out only for 23 days. If I could have spent m uch time in field it could have better to get more information. Therefore a detailed study is required to understand how tribal depend on natural resources and or use the resources to make a happy living.Also the study requires an understanding of how and from where they are getting their livelihood income. Apart from that what other resources are available to them. I have observed their traditional practices to find out the connection (if any) between the availability of resources and how these resources are used in generating their livelihood. They have various resources like land, water, forest. They depend on these resources doing their subsistence to make their life or for leading their life happily.

Analysis Of Harold Hotelling’s Theory The WritePass Journal

Analysis Of Harold Hotelling’s Theory Abstract Analysis Of Harold Hotelling’s Theory AbstractIntroductionHarold Hotelling’s theoryModeling of the Hotelling ruleCriticism of Hotelling’s theoryRole of logisticsConclusionReferenceRelated Abstract Economists have long been concerned with the extraction of natural resources. This paper presents an evaluation or analysis of Harold Hotelling’s theory that asserts that the most socially and economically profitable extraction track of a non-renewable resource is one along which the price of the resource, determined by the marginal net revenue from the sale of the resource, increases at the rate of interest The paper presents a model of the Hotelling rule and examines its applicability to real life phenomena. The paper finds that while the Hotelling theory had contributed to the economics of nonrenewable resources and the rise of the conservationism movement, the assumptions laid out by the theory are not applicable to the real world. In conclusion, the paper suggests the need to relax the assumptions in order to explain the real-world phenomena. Introduction The efficient use of scarce natural resources, both renewable and non-renewable sources, has long been a concern of natural resource economics (Shogren 2000). For example, Adam Smith explored on the natural progress of opulence and suggested that for a country to achieve an optimum economic progress, it had to allocate capital to land, fisheries and mines (Barnett Morse 1963). In a similar vein, Ricardo explored on the significance of land quality on economic rent. Robert Malthus raised concern about the dangers of population growth, asserting that the increasing population was likely to preclude the endless progress towards a utopian society (Barnett Morse 1963). Similarly, Jevons raised concern about the consequences of coal depletion on population growth (Shogren 2000).   A feature shared by all these economists is their treatment of natural resources as a free factor of production. That is, they all treat natural resources as provided freely by nature. But towards the beginning of the 21st century, a shift in mindset occurred as economists began treating natural resources as something more distinct than just a free factor of production (Shogren 2000). Theorists such as Hotelling and Gray particularly pointed out to the additional intertemporal cost of extracting natural resources (Shogren 2000). In this regard, this paper presents an evaluation or analysis of Harold Hotelling’s theory that asserts that the most socially and economically profitable extraction track of a non-renewable resource is one along which the price of the resource, determined by the marginal net revenue from the sale of the resource, increases at the rate of interest (Harold 1931). Harold Hotelling’s theory In 1931, Hotelling used differential calculus to derive the optimal extraction of a fixed resource over time (Bradley 2007). He began by recognizing the inadequacy of the standard economic analysis in the industry in which production was bound to decline (Bradley 2007). Hotelling then asserted that if the total resource base and capital investments were fixed and efficient extraction methods used, then the marginal net revenue of extraction of non-renewable resource would rise at the rate of interest over time (Hotelling 1931). This premium price was referred to as the ‘resource rent’ or rather the ‘hotelling rent’. In other words, under a perfectively competitive market, the market price of a non-renewable resource minus the marginal costs must grow in tandem with the interest rate. As such, the price of the natural resource should increase with time, provided that the marginal costs are kept constant (Chakravorty et al. 2009) Harold Hotellings theory postulated that the most socially and economically profitable extraction track of a non-renewable resource was one in which the price of the resource, determined by the marginal net revenue from the sale of the resource, increased at the rate of interest (Harold 1931). The theory thus proposed the time track of natural resource extraction that most increases the value of the resource reserve. But at the time, his analysis was way ahead of time as mathematics had not yet been incorporated into economics. As a result, his seminal analysis was originally rejected for this reason.   However, Hotellings rule later came to be known as the pillar of the theory of nonrenewable resource economics through its rich insight on the long-run behaviour of resource price and scarcity of extraction and its contribution to the rise of conservatism movement (Gaitan et al. 2007). Modeling of the Hotelling rule To illustrate the Hotelling rule, let us consider as basic model where in So denotes an economys total stock of resource and Rt denotes the total extraction at time t (Gaitan et al. 2007). The utility of consumption would be denoted by U(Rt). The objective is to maximize the marginal net revenue of extraction of the non-renewable resource. Assuming that the extraction is carried out with constant unit costs, Then the optimal path of extraction of the natural resource would be found by the following equation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (i) But the maximization must meet the condition †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (ii) Assuming that private and social discount rates are the same and that there are no externalities (Gaitan et al. 2007), then the solution to equation (i) and (ii) can be found using optimal control theory as shown below: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. (iii) But conditions require the optimal extraction path to fulfill the following relation (Gaitan et al. 2007), †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (iv) The opportunity cost or rather the shadow price at time t, Yt, is in the present case constant. We thus have Equation (iv) can thus be rewritten as follows: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (v) And given that in a market economy, then it can be seen that equation (iv) reflects the Hotelling rule that the marginal price of the natural resource increases with increase in the rate of discount. Hotteling’s predictions of a decline in non-renewable resources with time such as oil, minerals and forests led to demands for regulation of exploitation of such exhaustible assets (Rothband 2000). The selfish exploitation of natural resources at a rapid rate gave rise to the conservation movement (Rothband 2000). This theory has formed the basis of the conservationist movement and has been influential to the point that prohibitions against oil and mineral mining and deforestation in certain government lands have been justified on this ground (Hotelling 2007). Criticism of Hotelling’s theory An important point to emphasize in the Hotelling model is that the market price of non-renewable resources must increase with time, provided that costs remain time-invariant (Chakravorty et al. 2009). However, in reality such an increase in the price of non-renewable sources may not persist as many short-run factors such as regulation and speculation in commodity markets may come into play resulting in alternative phases of upward and downward price movements (Chakravorty et al. 2009). For example, if the Kyoto Treaty was to impose a target of 450 PPM of carbon, energy prices would be expected to rise but fall soon after the constraint becomes binding (Chakravorty et al. 2009). But when there is a fall below the 450 ppm level, the prices are bound to rise again (Chakravorty et al. 2009). Such a cyclical behaviour in the prices of non-renewable resources is not covered under the Hotelling model. As a result of such kind of price variations, Harolds Hotelling theory has come under criticism. Economists have argued that Hotelling’s theoretical prediction of a rise in scarcity and relative prices of nonrenewable resources over time is not borne out of facts (Watkins 1992). For example, Krautkraemer (1998) argues that for the most part, Hotellings theoretical predictions have been inconsistent with empirical studies of non renewable resource prices and in situ values. Over the past 100 years or so, there hasnt been a persistent increase in the prices of nonrenewable resources (Krautkraemer 1998). Also, economic indicators do not provide evidence of an increase in scarcity of these resources (Krautkraemer 1998). Although the popuplar view among the general public is that exhaustion of non-renewable resources is progressing at a faster rate, this view is highly debatable. In fact, economic indicators have shown that there has been growth in nonrenewable resource supply as new deposits continue to be discovered and the extraction technology continues to progress (Krautkraemer 1998). This has been argued to mitigate the scarcity effect (Krautkraemer 1998). But the above criticism may not necessarily hold as just like other economic analysis on this subject, Krautkramers analysis has been conducted at the global level (Wright Czelusta 2002).  Ã‚   Although it may seem appropriate to test Hotelling predictions at the global level, such analysis leaves open the possibility that the depletion may have been staved off at the global level, through the discovery new and underexplored territories (Wright Czelusta 2002). Nonetheless, the popular view that the world is likely run out of natural resources in the near future may not necessarily be true. If resources are considered to be scarce, then there is a higher likelihood of its real price rising (Braddley 2007). In the event of an increase in real price, producers are likely to be induced by the high prices to explore for more reserves resulting in an increase in resource stock (Braddley 2007). The lifetime measures of most resources can thus be assumed to remain constant over time Another error that Hotelling made was linking his highly conditional analysis to the real world (Braddley 2007). Hotelling faulted laissez-faire for deviating from his derived optimality in extraction of non-renewable resources, stating that the extractive industries had discrepancies which resulted in wasteful forms of exploitation (Braddley 2007). He also argues that such wasteful forms of exploitation would have been regulated in the interest of the general public (Braddley 2007). Whilst Hotelling was quick to recognize market failure, he failed to account for what is currently known as government failure (Braddley 2007). As can be seen with the long history of petroleum regulation in the US, government intervention has generally been lacking in information and has been highly problematic in practice (Adelman 1993). Only an omniscient planner would know the specifics of demand, supply, price, cost, interest rates, and entreprenurial alertness needed to arrive at an optimal extraction solution (Braddley 2007). Role of logistics Harolds hotelling theory can be applied to the logistic industry. According to the hotelling theory, the most profitable extraction is one in which the price of the resource, determined by the marginal net revenue from sale of the resource, increases at the rate of interest. In this respect, to reduce on the marginal cost of extraction, it would require that an industry be located close to the extraction point. This would not only decrease the transport costs, but will also increase efficiency in the supply chain and logistics. Logistics thus has an important role to play in determining the optimal extraction solution. The lower the transport costs, the more likely are the returns to scale. Whilst the transport costs are account for a small percentage of the total costs, the optimal extraction solution must also take into account the total logistics costs. Logistics have an impact on a firm’s optimal location behaviour and thus must be taken into account of when determining the optimal extraction solution of a natural resource. Conclusion In Summary, the Hotelling theory has contributed to the economics of nonrenewable resources. It has formed the conceptual and theoretical framework used by economists to model the supply and the prices of nonrenewable resources. More so, it has contributed to the conservationist movement. However, the Hotelling theory, though elegant, seem somewhat misplaced. The model points out to a rise in trajectory of net prices of non-renewable resources along with the rate of interest yet there is a lack of empirical evidence to back this pricing behaviour. Moreover, the assumption of an increase in scarcity of non renewable resources is highly debatable. These assumptions seem not applicable to the real world.   Perhaps, to explain the real-world phenomena, it would be helpful to relax these assumptions. For example, in order to explain the price of oil, it would be necessary to discard all assumptions of inevitable increase in price and the assumption of a fixed stock. Reference Adelman, M. A., 1993. ‘Introduction’. In M. A. Adelman (Ed.), The economics of petroleum supply. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Barnett, H. and Morse, C., 1963. Scarcity and growth. The economics of natural resource scarcity, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press Braddley, R.L., 2007. Resourceship: an Austrian theory of mineral resources. Rev Austrian Econ 20: 63-90 Bradley, R. L., 1996. Oil, gas, and government: The U.S. experience. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield. Chakravorty, U., Leach, A. and Moreaux, M., 2009. Twin peaks in Energy prices: a hotelling model with pollution and learning. School of Business and department of Economics. Gaitan, B., Tol, R.S., and Yetkiner, H., 2007. The Hotellings rule revisited in a dynamic general equilibrium model. University of Hamburg Hotelling, H., 2006. ‘Stability in competition’. The Economic Journal, vol.39 (153), pp.41-57 Hotelling, Harold, 1931. ‘The economics of exhaustible resources’. Journal of Political Economy 39 (2), 137–175 Krautkraemer, Jeffrey A. (1998). â€Å"Nonrenewable Resource Scarcity,† Journal of Economic Lin, C., Meng, H., Ngai, T.Y., Oscherov, V., Zhu, Y.H., 2008. Hotelling revisited: oil prices and endogenous technological progress. University of California Literature 36: 2065-2107. Rothbard, M. N., 2000. ‘Conservation in the free market’. In: Egalitarianism as a revolt against nature and other essays, Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute, pp. 175–189. Shogren, J.F., 2000. Natural resource economics. USA: University of Wyoming. Watkins, G. C., 1992. ‘The Hotelling principle: Autobahn or Cul de Sac?’ Energy Journal, 13 (1), 1–24. Wright, G. and Czelusta, J., 2002. Resource-based economic growth, past and present. Stanford University

Beneficios para cubanos por pies secos, pies mojados

Beneficios para cubanos por pies secos, pies mojados Por decisià ³n del gobierno de los Estados Unidos, la polà ­tica de pies secos pies mojados ha dejado de tener validez. Por lo tanto, los beneficios que aquà ­ se enumeran sà ³lo aplican a los que se beneficiaron de esa polà ­tica antes de que el presidente Obama le pusiera fin. En otras palabras, a los que ya ingresaron a Estados Unidos bajo esa polà ­tica. Cà ³mo est ahora pies secos pies mojados Pies secos pies mojados ha dejado de aplicarse. Sin embargo, los cubanos que ingresaron a Estados Unidos en aplicacià ³n de esta polà ­tica y que todavà ­a no han adquirido la tarjeta de residencia mediante un ajuste de estatus en aplicacià ³n de la Ley de Ajuste Cubano podrn seguir los trmites y tener beneficios que se aplicaban mientras pies secos pies mojados estaba en activo. Los  beneficios son monetarios, sociales y mà ©dicos si cumplen los mismos requisitos que se les piden a los ciudadanos estadounidenses. Los cubanos eran el à ºnico grupo de migrantes que cuentan con un conjunto de beneficios que sà ³lo aplican a ellos. Esto es asà ­ por la Ley de Ajuste Cubano, aprobada en la dà ©cada de los 60, y sus posteriores modificaciones, en particular la conocida como pies secos, pies mojados, que fue aprobada el 19 de agosto de 1994 y que ha dejado de aplicarse el 12 de enero de 2017. Segà ºn pies secos, pies mojados, se podà ­an  quedar en Estados Unidos los cubanos que logren pisar tierra estadounidense y eran regresados a Cuba o enviados a un tercer paà ­s los que son interceptados en el mar. En los à ºltimos aà ±os esa polà ­tica ha derivado en que la mayorà ­a de las entradas a EEUU se realizaban  a travà ©s de la frontera con Mà ©xico, es lo que se conoce como pies con polvo, en referencia al desierto. En general, cuando un cubano llegaba a tierra o se presentaba en la frontera estadounidense sin la documentacià ³n migratoria necesaria no era devuelto por donde ha venido, como le ocurre al resto de los extranjeros, excepto los que piden con fundamento que se les conceda asilo. Los cubanos eran  entrevistados, se comprobaba la autenticidad de sus documentos, se analizaba su acento y se verificaba si han cometido algà ºn delito. Si acreditaban a satisfaccià ³n del oficial de Inmigracià ³n que eran cubanos con un pasado no criminal se le concedà ­a prcticamente siempre el derecho a entrar en EEUU en lo que se conoce como parole. Un aà ±o y un dà ­a ms tarde podrn solicitar la green card, es decir, la tarjeta de residente permanente en aplicacià ³n de la Ley de Ajuste Cubano. Casos de doble nacionalidad y consecuencias para peticià ³n de beneficios Los cubanos que tenà ­an  doble nacionalidad Cuba/otro paà ­s tenà ­an que prestar atencià ³n a quà © nacionalidad se consignaba en los papeles ya que si es la no cubana podà ­an surgir problemas a la hora de solicitar beneficios mà ©dicos y sociales a los que sà ³lo tenà ­an derecho los migrantes cubanos. Beneficios por pies secos pies mojados En general las leyes migratorias de los Estados Unidos ponen importantes restricciones a los nuevos migrantes para acceder a beneficios sociales y mà ©dicos, llegando a prohibir recibir ayudas por un determinado nà ºmero de aà ±os. Esto aplica para los beneficios federales y tambià ©n estatales, aunque en este à ºltimo caso hay diferencias entre los estados. Esas limitaciones no aplicaban  a los cubanos recià ©n llegados, quienes podrn gozar de los siguientes beneficios siempre y cuando cumplan una serie de requisitos, que son los mismos que se le piden a los ciudadanos estadounidenses.   Ingresos de seguridad complementaria (SSI, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) Este es un programa del gobierno federal para dotar con dinero a personas necesitadas para que puedan hacer frente a pagos para necesidades bsicas, como comida, vivienda, o ropa. Para poder colectar el SSI (informacià ³n en inglà ©s) es preciso cumplir con ciertos requisitos de edad, incapacidad que son fijados por la ley y, al mismo tiempo, tener ingresos o recursos inferiores a una cantidad tambià ©n fijada legalmente. Por ejemplo, pueden ser beneficiarios las personas de 65 aà ±os o mayores, los ciegos, las personas mayores de 18 que tienen una minusvalà ­a o enfermedad fà ­sica o mental que les impida ganarse la vida o que haya durado o pueda durar ms de 12 meses. Tambià ©n se puede solicitar el SSI para los menores de 18 aà ±os con una minusvalà ­a fà ­sica o mental que limite severamente su funcionalidad. Se aplica por este beneficio a la Administracià ³n de la Seguridad Social. La cantidad mxima que se puede cobrar mensualmente la fija cada aà ±o el Congreso, para el aà ±o fiscal 2012 est establecida en $698 para una persona o $1,048 para el caso de parejas. La cantidad puede ser menor, dependiendo de las circunstancias personales de cada uno, como puede ser tener ingresos adicionales, tener donde vivir, etc. Este beneficio puede recibirse por siete aà ±os, a contar desde el momento de entrada. Aunque en los aà ±os fiscales 2009-2010-2011 estuvo aplicado a nueve aà ±os. Una vez transcurrido ese periodo de tiempo, no se podr colectar ms el SSI, excepto si el beneficiario se ha convertido en ciudadano o si ya se cobraba con anterioridad al 22 de agosto de 1996. En la mayorà ­a de los estados, calificar para recibir pagos en concepto de SSI da derecho automticamente a beneficiarse de Medicaid. Asistencia Temporal para Familias Necesitadas (TANF, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) Las familias con hijos menores de 18 aà ±os con escasos recursos pueden recibir ayuda econà ³mica mediante este programa por un plazo mximo de 60 meses. Los pagos pueden ser continuos o discontinuos, segà ºn vayan cambiando las circunstancias econà ³micas de cada familia. Este es un programa que administran cada uno de los estados. Como consecuencia la cantidad a recibir en cada uno puede variar grandemente. Pero en ningà ºn caso es una cantidad alta. Asimismo, dependiendo del estado, las personas que reciben dinero por TANF (informacià ³n en inglà ©s), pueden beneficiarse de Medicaid. Lo que no es posible es que una misma persona colecte al mismo tiempo pagos por TANF y por SSI. Asistencia para refugiados Los cubanos que entran en Estados Unidos en aplicacià ³n de la polà ­tica de pies secos, pies mojados y que carezcan de ingresos o recursos pero no pueden solicitar ayuda de TANF o SSI porque no cumplen alguno de los requisitos pueden beneficiarse de los programas de Asistencia en dinero en efectivo para refugiados (RCA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) o el de Asistencia mà ©dica para refugiados (RMA, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). Por ejemplo, este programa aplica a los adultos solteros o a las parejas sin hijos y menores de 65 aà ±os que no sufren de ninguna minusvalà ­a pero carecen de medios para pagar por sus necesidades bsicas. El programa RCA es administrado por los estados por lo que la cantidad a recibir mensualmente por los beneficiados puede variar mucho. El importe que se entrega puede ser en dinero o en la forma de pago de facturas de electricidad, renta de la vivienda o calefaccià ³n o similares. En cuanto al RMA, es tambià ©n un programa gestionado a nivel estatal. Como regla general los beneficios son similares a los de Medicaid en ese mismo estado. Tanto el RCA como el RMA se pueden colectar, si se califica para ser beneficiario, por un mximo de ocho meses. Cuotas migratorias Despuà ©s de un aà ±o y un dà ­a de presencia en Estados Unidos se aplica para la tarjeta de residencia. Si en ese momento se est pasando por una situacià ³n de necesidad econà ³mica podrà ­a ser posible calificar para no pagar por ese trmite migratorio A tener en cuenta Estos beneficios no aplican a todos los cubanos que entran a EEUU. Por ejemplo, no califican los que vienen con el patrocinio de un familiar ciudadano. Tampoco a los cubanos que llegan a Estados Unidos con otro pasaporte, como por ejemplo el espaà ±ol o el italiano, a menos que consigan un cambio de calificacià ³n en sus papeles. Seguirn aplicando a los cubanos que ingresaron por pies secos pies mojados en los à ºltimos tiempos y todavà ­a no han cumplido el aà ±o y un dà ­a para ajustar su estatus. A tener en cuenta Cuando hay cambios migratorios, como en en este caso en que se puso fin a pies secos pies mojados, es imperativo desconfiar de aquellas personas que prometen arreglar papeles, que aseguran conocer a alguien en el sistema, etc. Ms que nunca hay que asesorarse con una organizacià ³n de asistencia a migrantes o con abogados migratorios reputados. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal para ningà ºn caso concreto.

Advanced HealthCare Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Advanced HealthCare Management - Essay Example Although similar in scope and nature, the support team and the management team fulfill vastly different aspects and requirements. Specifically a support team seeks to enable others to perform their own work. Such teams can be specifically focused upon aspects such as strategic planning, promotion, steering committee development and quality improvement. Within such a manner, the overall goal of such a team is to promote synergy within the compliment parts of the organization that they are responsible for upholding. The main differential that exists between such a team and a managerial team is necessarily with regards to the differential of control (Buljac et al, 2013). Although suggestions are able to be made and key levels of decision-making fostered, the actual manager of control of a support team is quite limited and merely works in a symbiotic manner to promote the needs of the entity as a whole. On the other hand, management teams actively participate within the process of project and human resource development by actively engaging and providing direction to the individuals under their purview (Burns et al, 2012). A further differential that exists between management teams and support teams is with regards to the hierarchical nature that management teams necessarily reflect. Whereas a support team is usually one die mentioned all in structure, management teams can exist from the very lowest levels of management, extend into middle management, and be evidenced within the very highest levels of management within a firm. More specifically, managers within this structure have defined responsibilities that they are tasked with carrying out as a means of furthering the specific interests and goals of the individual organizations and subunits that they are ultimately responsible for. It is important to consider that although management teams are defined and behave in a manner that is relevant to their purpose, they are nonetheless

Film studies - research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Film studies - research - Essay Example Distributors: The movie’s distributors were Dream Works Studios or DreamWorks SKG. It is an American based film studio that develops, produces and distributes films. It has also ventured into video games and television programming. It is a very popular distribution house and has distributed more than ten films with box office grosses amount to 100 million dollars each. Some of the movies that it distributed in recent years especially 2010 was Little Folkers, Dinner for Schmucks and She’s Out of my league. Paranormal activity and Transformers are some other movies that it released. The distributor has found its greatest success in sci-fic movies. Box-office and Release: The movie was released in 2000 and was directed by Ridley Scott. It starred industry big wigs like Russel Crowe, Joaquin Phoenix and the rest. It was a world wide release and a phenomenal box office success. It was released in the States on May 5, 200 and received generally positive reviews. It was credit ed for reviving the historical epic. The film was nominated for multiple awards at various award ceremonies particularly five Academy Awards in the 73rd Academy awards. There is no sequel for the movie in the pipeline. The movie grossed around $187,705,421 domestically and foreign $269,935,000. Worldwide it grossed $457,640,427. In North America it was screened in 2838 theaters on the opening weekend. It’s widest release was 3188 theaters. The movie ran for 371 days and 53 weeks. Its close date was May 10, 2001. Marketing: Marketing of the movie was both above the line and below the line. Movie promos were aired which relayed the enigmatic and boisterous nature of the characters that had encapsulated the movie. Marketing is an oft conceived word used in our daily life. It is a normal word which may often be found as a part of our day to day conversations, and has more to do with the approach then the execution of a business idea. It was first explained by the American Market Association as an â€Å"activity†. Later the definition was elaborated and modified to involve the various institutions and processes employed for making, communicating and delivering products which are of value to the stakeholders-customers, clients, partners and the society at large. The term was derived from the original meaning which taken literally meant simply going to the market to shop or to sell goods and services there. Marketing has grown by leaps and bounds today. It is a creative industry that has expanded down to various genres such as advertising, distribution and selling. Customer base is figured out, their needs and aspirations realized and the relevant product developed accordingly. Future predictions and the expected turn the market is to take is often analyzed through various forms and types of Market research. Posters and billboards were used all over. Most posters were against yellowish brown back drop that depicted the historical epic this movie went on to show. The movie was a rage all over because of the massive promotional activities undertaken world over by its producer. The movie was promoted world over and various promotional tools were used to promote the movie in the process. The promos of the movie were very intriguing. They started airing the promos of the movie well in advance before the movie was released. The promos invited the target audience to an intriguing experience and thriller. The historic outlook of the movie and the grandeur depicted. They also used mobile marketing to promote their movie. Mobile phones

Examining Insurance Policies Part 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Examining Insurance Policies Part 3 - Essay Example Premises medical coverage is intended on paying for minor injuries, which might happen in individual’s airport facility. The coverage helps in avoidance of litigation for minor claims (Diederiks-Verschoor and Butler 247). The coverage would help Mike’s students incase an injury occurs during the training. The limits of the medical coverage range from 1000 to 5000 US dollars individually. Products and completed operations policy offer liability protection for property damage and bodily injury which arises after selling the aviation products or services that the organization offers. The policy only covers when an accident occurs while delivering a product or service by another person (Diederiks-Verschoor and Butler 252). Hangar-keeper liability covers any damage to an aircraft if it is not fully owned or leased to you and while the aircraft is under your care, control and custody, mostly likely when servicing for maintenance, storing or fueling. The cover pays for all damages that a person is legally responsible. Off-Premise’s liability extends from Premises Coverage that includes other necessary or incidental locations to one’s operation. In-Flight Hangar-keepers is an extension of Hangar-keepers liability covering for damage to non-leased or non-owned aircrafts flown by any other pilot (Grothaus 20). Personal injury coverage pays for legal defense any owner of an aircraft sued for damages for injuries that arise from false arrest, imprisonment or detention, slander or libel, malicious prosecution, wrongful entry or invasion to an insured person (Grothaus 25). Fire legal liability covers for legally responsible damages to the buildings leased or rented on the insured airport premises caused by fire. Professional liability covers the protection for bodily injury that arises from an omission or error committed on giving of flight instruction, which may result to an accident at a

Astronomy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Astronomy - Assignment Example Research has shown that Venus has no tectonic plates and this characteristic feature of Venus makes it quite different from Earth. In the absence of the tectonic plates, the internal heat accumulated in the mantle chooses a completely different course of action than what happens in the case of the Earth. It causes the internal temperature of the Venus to rise to a certain level. Once that level is achieved, the accumulated heat tends to weaken the Venus’s surface and it undergoes a thorough renewal over a long period of time and the cycle continues. Erosion is solely a geological process and one reason why geological activities in the Mercury and the Earth’s moon have declined is their size that is too small to keep their interiors hot enough for a geological activity to continue. â€Å"Smaller bodies, such as the Moon and Mercury, have cooled further and are not thought to be presently active, but their features tell geologists of an active past.† (www.lpi.usra. edu, 2010). Earth is the fifth-largest planet of all in the Solar system. Its large size and distance from the Sun has contributed a lot toward the development of a unique atmosphere. The large size permits a lot of heat in the core to dwell that is ultimately released in the form of lava resulting in earthquakes, which in turn affect the atmosphere of Earth directly or indirectly. Earth is the third-distant planet from the Sun and comes after Mercury and Venus. Ozone layer is a very important part of the Earth’s atmosphere and provides it with protection against the ultraviolet (UV) rays emitted by the Sun. The Ozone layer is formed as a result of the Sun’s UV rays colliding with Oxygen molecules in the atmosphere which are broken down by the UV rays to form monoatomic Oxygen which combines with other Oxygen molecules to form the Ozone layer. Besides, the distance of a planet from the Sun influences the temperature on a planet. Earth’s distance from the Sun is long enough to

Justification of vendor ROI for a major equipment used in radiology Assignment

Justification of vendor ROI for a major equipment used in radiology - Assignment Example The report also highlights the relationship between cost justification and return on investment in detail from the manager’s point of view providing justification for the feasibility of the capital purchase or investment decision to be made to the Vice president of the company. Variance report is a method of communicating the performance of the company between the executives. A comparative analysis is conducted by comparing the available set of figures to reach an effective outcome. The sole purpose of the variance analysis is to review the budgetary goals and targets which the company plans to achieve. The management required to review the monthly budget because the expenses of the salaries were higher and the supplies and equipment which were available in the particular department were comparatively lower than the budget breakup. A properly formed variance reports includes the overspending or under-spending trends. In this case the hospital is spending more on the salaries of the employees and less on the equipment although the prescribed budget is sufficient to do so. A variance analysis must include proper graphs and figures and it must define the favorable and unfavorable position of a particular decision (Microsoft, n.d.). A variance analysis must include the comparison of the actual and the budgeted figures. The difference in the variation of the actual and the budgeted figures of the hospital will be clearly predicted to reach to a conclusion. A variance report identifies the areas which will improve the installation of the Linear Accelerator. The equipment and the vendor from which the equipment will be purchased are discussed in this report. During the analysis the calculation of the cash budget will be analyzed. A detailed structure of the estimated rise in the number of patients for the economic period will be projected with the figures of the receivables and the cash

ZOO Observations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ZOO Observations - Assignment Example It has a lifespan of 15 to 20 years in its natural habitat and more than 20 years when in a controlled environment, for instance, in a zoo. I observed that the patas monkey is a quite animal and one with a great appetite. On its feeding habits, I observed that the monkey ate gluttonously - it fills its cheeks with food. It uses its fingers to feed itself. As a result of its quick feeding habits, the feeding time was very little - 3 minutes that is about 15 percent of the observation time. I also found the Patas monkey to be quite active. After eating, the monkey seemed excited wearing a playful face. It jumped as if it was dancing every often food went its way. I assumed its jumping was a way of soliciting for more food. The jumping was carried out for about a minute or less, that is, about 5 percent of the observation time. It was further observed that the Patas monkey walked on its fingers. I also noted that the monkey had a nice way of resting – it leaned back and put up it s feet. It spent about 5 minutes in this position of relaxing – that is approximately 25 percent of the total time of observation. In the course of resting, I am not sure whether the monkey went to sleep because there are moments when it stayed still. After the sleep and relaxing, the monkey engaged in grooming and being groomed by other monkeys for some time – this was approximately 5 minutes (about 25 percent of the time). The patas monkey also engaged in what seemed like warm up exercises running up and down. I noted that it had an admirably great speed when it was being chased or chased other monkeys. The time spent in running up and down was about 30 percent of the observation time. Bornean orangutan The scientific name for Bornean orangutan is pongo pygmaeus. I found this ape to be bored and much of the observation time was spent not doing much. It took almost fifty percent of the observation time resting. In its resting position, the ape sat upright on the groun d with its hands touching the ground. During my observation time the ape did sleep for roughly two to three minutes – that was about 15 percent of the observation time. When sleeping the ape lay on its back and stretched out its legs and hands. The ape did not seem to be interested in eating anything though it could reluctantly bite once or twice some fruits I threw to it. The ape did walk at some time using its four limbs – the walking style is what we described as terrestrial quadrupedalism in class. The ape did not seem to be in hurry when walking and I guess even if it tried to run it could not or at least it could not run very fast. Unlike the patas monkey which could ran very fast thus can easily evade being caught by its predators, the Bornean orangutan did not seem like one that could be easily intimidated by predators. In the course of the observation, I neither noted any facial expression by the orangutan nor any vocal expressions. The best way to describe th e ape from the observations I made is that it was a solitary animal which did not express its feelings easily and one that seemed to be bored with its environment. It spent a good percentage of the observation time sitting down and strolling around. I must note it was not very interesting observing the Bornean orangutan especially after having a great time with a proactive patas monkey. Western lowland Gorilla The scientific name for the western lowland Gorilla is Gorilla gorilla gorilla. It was interesting watching this animal. It was quite active during the observation time. I also noted that it easily moved about. With the exception of the times when the gorilla sat down for about five minutes, I really did not see it resting. When it was sat, it was not exactly still but went

Astronomy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Astronomy - Assignment Example Research has shown that Venus has no tectonic plates and this characteristic feature of Venus makes it quite different from Earth. In the absence of the tectonic plates, the internal heat accumulated in the mantle chooses a completely different course of action than what happens in the case of the Earth. It causes the internal temperature of the Venus to rise to a certain level. Once that level is achieved, the accumulated heat tends to weaken the Venus’s surface and it undergoes a thorough renewal over a long period of time and the cycle continues. Erosion is solely a geological process and one reason why geological activities in the Mercury and the Earth’s moon have declined is their size that is too small to keep their interiors hot enough for a geological activity to continue. â€Å"Smaller bodies, such as the Moon and Mercury, have cooled further and are not thought to be presently active, but their features tell geologists of an active past.† (www.lpi.usra. edu, 2010). Earth is the fifth-largest planet of all in the Solar system. Its large size and distance from the Sun has contributed a lot toward the development of a unique atmosphere. The large size permits a lot of heat in the core to dwell that is ultimately released in the form of lava resulting in earthquakes, which in turn affect the atmosphere of Earth directly or indirectly. Earth is the third-distant planet from the Sun and comes after Mercury and Venus. Ozone layer is a very important part of the Earth’s atmosphere and provides it with protection against the ultraviolet (UV) rays emitted by the Sun. The Ozone layer is formed as a result of the Sun’s UV rays colliding with Oxygen molecules in the atmosphere which are broken down by the UV rays to form monoatomic Oxygen which combines with other Oxygen molecules to form the Ozone layer. Besides, the distance of a planet from the Sun influences the temperature on a planet. Earth’s distance from the Sun is long enough to

ZOO Observations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ZOO Observations - Assignment Example It has a lifespan of 15 to 20 years in its natural habitat and more than 20 years when in a controlled environment, for instance, in a zoo. I observed that the patas monkey is a quite animal and one with a great appetite. On its feeding habits, I observed that the monkey ate gluttonously - it fills its cheeks with food. It uses its fingers to feed itself. As a result of its quick feeding habits, the feeding time was very little - 3 minutes that is about 15 percent of the observation time. I also found the Patas monkey to be quite active. After eating, the monkey seemed excited wearing a playful face. It jumped as if it was dancing every often food went its way. I assumed its jumping was a way of soliciting for more food. The jumping was carried out for about a minute or less, that is, about 5 percent of the observation time. It was further observed that the Patas monkey walked on its fingers. I also noted that the monkey had a nice way of resting – it leaned back and put up it s feet. It spent about 5 minutes in this position of relaxing – that is approximately 25 percent of the total time of observation. In the course of resting, I am not sure whether the monkey went to sleep because there are moments when it stayed still. After the sleep and relaxing, the monkey engaged in grooming and being groomed by other monkeys for some time – this was approximately 5 minutes (about 25 percent of the time). The patas monkey also engaged in what seemed like warm up exercises running up and down. I noted that it had an admirably great speed when it was being chased or chased other monkeys. The time spent in running up and down was about 30 percent of the observation time. Bornean orangutan The scientific name for Bornean orangutan is pongo pygmaeus. I found this ape to be bored and much of the observation time was spent not doing much. It took almost fifty percent of the observation time resting. In its resting position, the ape sat upright on the groun d with its hands touching the ground. During my observation time the ape did sleep for roughly two to three minutes – that was about 15 percent of the observation time. When sleeping the ape lay on its back and stretched out its legs and hands. The ape did not seem to be interested in eating anything though it could reluctantly bite once or twice some fruits I threw to it. The ape did walk at some time using its four limbs – the walking style is what we described as terrestrial quadrupedalism in class. The ape did not seem to be in hurry when walking and I guess even if it tried to run it could not or at least it could not run very fast. Unlike the patas monkey which could ran very fast thus can easily evade being caught by its predators, the Bornean orangutan did not seem like one that could be easily intimidated by predators. In the course of the observation, I neither noted any facial expression by the orangutan nor any vocal expressions. The best way to describe th e ape from the observations I made is that it was a solitary animal which did not express its feelings easily and one that seemed to be bored with its environment. It spent a good percentage of the observation time sitting down and strolling around. I must note it was not very interesting observing the Bornean orangutan especially after having a great time with a proactive patas monkey. Western lowland Gorilla The scientific name for the western lowland Gorilla is Gorilla gorilla gorilla. It was interesting watching this animal. It was quite active during the observation time. I also noted that it easily moved about. With the exception of the times when the gorilla sat down for about five minutes, I really did not see it resting. When it was sat, it was not exactly still but went

Hypothesis Testing Essay Example for Free

Hypothesis Testing Essay In today’s world of statistical research there is a multitude of ways to make new discoveries and formulate new ideas; one way to accomplish this is for researchers to have inquiring minds that need to have their questions answered. To do this they must develop their hypothesis. Then researchers can develop a verbal and numerical hypothesis in which they will be able to test this hypothesis. In patients with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), there seems to be a malfunction in the brain cells to soak up dopamine, which can lead to ADHD, it causes the patient to lose the ability to focus or retain any attention span (Allan, 2012). Team A will show the statistical outcome of diet versus traditional medications. Common treatments and side effects will be discussed in another slide, along with the importance of eating a balanced diet with â€Å"clean† foods. Results show that eating a high-protein diet with complex carbohydrates and foods with Omega -3 fatty acids seem to play a role in alleviating ADHD symptoms. What seems to do good things for our brains seems to do good things for those that suffer from ADHD. Avoiding foods that are simple carbohydrates like candy, sugars, and foods made with white flour is a good idea, as these foods seem to make matters worse. ADHD and Diet Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, also known as ADHD, is a developmental disability that usually presents in early childhood and results in a persistent and chronic pattern of learning impairment in school, in social settings, and in daily adaptive functioning. The lasting pattern of inattentiveness and/or uncontrollability or recklessness is more often exhibited and more relentless than which is typically observed in individuals at a comparable level of physical and emotional development. In adulthood, ADHD can affect an individual’s work, behavior, social life, and relationships. ADHD tends to reflect an individual’s normal behaviors but at an exaggerated level. This causes difficulty focusing, following through on tasks, meeting deadlines, and the ability to stay motivated especially during tasks that are tedious and extraneous (Duca, 2010). Some research has shown that diet can have an effect on the symptoms of ADHD. In the past 15 or more years more information has been found linking nutrients with ADHD. Researchers are considering multiple etiologies in regards to the development of ADHD and it has become more evident that diet does play a major role in the foundation of ADHD. Studies have shown that the brain abnormalities that individuals with ADHD have been shown to have are not preprogrammed but instead are a manifestation of genetic susceptibilities to noted risk factors including diet and malnutrition. Particular individuals may be genetically heightened necessities for certain nutrients. When these individuals do not receive these nutrients in their diet they are more vulnerable to the brain abnormalities associated with ADHD (Duca, 2010). Conventionally ADHD is treated with stimulant medications such as Ritalin, Focalin, Dexedrine, and Adderall. These medications work by enhancing the transmission of nor epinephrine and dopamine in the brain but they do not come without side effects such as loss of appetite, insomnia, irritability, depressive symptoms, headaches, fatigue, and nausea. Most of the psychological and conventional medical community does not support nontraditional treatments such as nutrient supplementation, diet manipulation, and environmental and food elimination because they do not feel that there is enough research to show that these methods can permanently alter the symptoms of ADHD (Duca, 2010). From a dietary viewpoint ADHD prevention begins early in life during the first three years when brain growth is rampant. Diet plays an important role during this time to support brain health. Research has shown that the underlying contributor to the etiology of ADHD is imbalances in a child’s diet. A balanced diet free of preservatives, processed sugars, and potential food allergens is helpful in the prevention and intervention of ADHD. A diet rich in organic whole foods, fresh vegetables and fruits, abundant in mineral and phytonutrients, and rich in essential fats are important (Duca, 2010). Numerical and Verbal Hypothesis Statement Based on previously acquired research on how a healthy diet of clean non processed foods can help to lessen the symptoms of ADHD Team A has decided to test this theory to see if it is accurate. The research hypothesis that Team A has created is that: Eating a healthy â€Å"clean† diet can help to lessen the symptoms of ADHD. On the other hand the null hypothesis would claim that a healthy diet has no effect on the symptoms of ADHD and would be just as effective as if the subject ate a diet of 100% processed foods. In order to complete this test Team A will have two populations of people to research, population one will be made up of six people who are all on a diet of pre-chosen healthy foods. Population two will be made up of six people who are not following the specified healthy diet and instead eating what could be considered â€Å"junk† food or â€Å"bad† food. Team A’s hypothesis written in numerical form has to start with identifying  µ=the mean symptoms present in those eating healthy. We will also have to restate the hypothesis which would be written out as (H1)  µ1  µ2, simply meaning that the mean of population one will be less then population two. This should be able to prove that population one (the healthy eating group) will have less symptoms than population two (non healthy eating). The null hypothesis states (H0)  µ1 =  µ2 which means that population one will equal population two and there will be no difference between the groups symptoms as a result of changing their diets. Using this information we will be able to properly show a breakdown of the five steps of hypothesis testing that Team A will follow. Five Steps of Hypothesis Testing Five steps are involved in hypothesis testing. The point of the steps is to either prove or to disprove the questions involved. They are useful in evaluating the solutions of an issue or research opportunity. An example is a possible correlation between attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) and diet. The first step of process includes identification of a null hypothesis and variables involved, or more simply, stating the issue being studied. This is a comparison of two categories. Step one is this case claims that poor diet or malnutrition partnered with genetic susceptibilities potentially do not influence brain abnormalities which are associated with ADHD. The independent variable is diet and is categorical. The dependant variable is ADHD symptoms which are continuous (Davis 2007). The second step of the process involves specifying an alternative hypothesis which suggests a difference of the variables. Our null denied symptoms of ADHD influenced by diet. The alternative to this is that ADHD symptoms decrease with improved diet. Therefore, the two groups of our sample, or the two categories of diet are poor diet and good diet (Davis 2007). Step 3 of this process involves setting a significance or alpha level. In other words, determine the degree to which error is allowed. Type I is alpha and Type II is beta. The confidence level involves type I or type II errors. Whether or not diet influences ADHD symptoms is the question. When the truth is that diet indeed does influence (H0), selecting does not (Ha) would be a Type I error. If the truth is diet does not influence (Ha), then selecting that it does (H0) would be a Type II error (Davis 2007). The fourth part of the process involves calculating the probability of the hypothesis occurring. If this probability ends up being equal to our significance level (alpha/beta) then our null hypothesis that poor diet does not influence brain abnormalities associated with ADHD. If the null is rejected then the alternative is accepted but never with 100% certainty. The fifth and final step is simply describing the results of the study and stating our conclusion in relation to the original question (Davis 2007). Team A’s researcher referenced a study linking dietary needs to improve the functions and abilities for children that suffer with ADHD. Research shows that a contributing factor with ADHS is dietary imbalance in children beginning at a young age of around 3 years old. A balanced diet is said to help improve this imbalance, when the dietary needs are met using whole foods rich in mineral and phytonutrients with rich essential fatty oils (Duca, 2010). Being that the research showed underlying contributions this motivated Team A to further our investigation. Team A already had the knowledge that healthy eating led to proper body function and mechanics, but how dietary could needs improve the functions and abilities of children that suffer with ADHD is what Team A wanted to research further. Team A found that the side effects from medications lead to some disturbing results such as loss of appetite, insomnia, irritability, depressive symptoms, headaches, fatigue, and nausea. This is no way for a child to live and if symptoms can or even have the slightest ability to controlled, then proper diet with â€Å"clean† foods should be the way to proceed. References Allan, S. (2012). The Brain, Nutrition and ADHD. Retrieved from http://www.sevencounties.org/ website. Duca, R. (2010). Nutritional Considerations in the Management of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Nutritional Perspectives: Journal Of The Council On Nutrition, 34(4), 5-16. Davis, B.L. (2007). Decision Rule for Hypothesis Testing. Retrieved from http://home.chpc.utah.edu/ website.