Romeo and Juliet Movie Analysis Essay Example for Free

Romeo and Juliet Movie Analysis EssayRomeo and Juliet is a beautiful and romantic famous love composition known through almost all oer the world. Many producers have remake this dramatic story ad producers will get many ideas from this story to help them create their own. There was a cinema made in 1996 and in 1968. These two movies are very unique in their own way. Many people like the original 1968 magnetic variation, but others like the newer 1996 version give out. Personally, I believe that the 1968 version was better story wise because it followed the reality of the story better. In the 1996 version, they have more than of a today like scenes with cars, beaches, guns, and helicopters. However, in the 1968 version, it was more Romeo and Juliet like than the other version. This version had more of an olden day theme that I feel personally fit the story better. They had swords, older clothing, no cars, helicopters or beaches, everything was more in the time era that the fa mous love story took place.When and after watching this movie there was a lot that stood step to the fore to me when thinking about the love story that everyone knows or has at least heard of before. The things that stood out to me were on how well and closely related this movie was to the story I heard and imagined in my mind when I first heard it from my family. Another thing is that because of how the movie was made, really gave off a good intent that this was how the story went, and that many people would be able to think of this version first not only cause of how old this version is, but because of the realizations that the movie had towards the original story.Even though these two movies are about the same story, and have the same concept, there are many different things that contrast between them. In one version of the movie the music gives off a more energetic, suspenseful, action sound while the other gives off a more mellow, sweet, calming, loving sound. In one version of the movie the characters play fairly different personalities than in the other. For example, in the 1996 version,Mercutio is a wild, grisly, histarical character who will do the weirdest things that find you to fall in love with him before he dies. However, in the 1968 version, Mercutio is still a wild and histarical character and maybe a little bit crazy but he doesnt have the effect on you to fall in love with him before he dies. In the 1996 version, Mercutio gives you a almost take atmosphere, while the 1968 version, Mercutio doesnt give you that feeling.Many people will have their opinions on which movie version they liked better, which movie told the better story, which movie had the better plot, but Romeo and Juliet, the original 1968 version not only follows the plot and theme, but also gives you the way many people wouldve imagined it before they saw the new 1996 version. merely if you are to see any Romeo and Juliet version first, Id suggest the 1968 version so that you can understand better how things were back when Romeo and Juliet were star move through lovers, and where the story line fits the love story better for that more original taste.

To explore the ways aspects of power are shown in the poem Essay Example for Free

To explore the trends aspects of power are shown in the metrical composition EssayThis song is a dramatic monologue just about a woman whose lover is cheating on her with his mistress Pauline. The woman who is speaking talks about her feelings of hatred and betrayal, so she decides to show her lover how much she is hurt by poisoning his mistress and making him watch her die slowly. Robert Brownings meter was set in the ancient regime when women were thought of as incapable and a lower class because of their gender. She feels that she deserves power and therefore wants control of everything she does this is portrayed by the language that he uses. The language in the laboratory is very sumive.Robert Browning uses techniques such(prenominal) as alliteration to emphasise different moods in the poem such as moisten, mash up thy powder the alliteration in this case is effective because it sounds angry and gives the poem a more venomous feel. This relates to the poem because it r eminds us that a poison is being made. The structure of the laboratory reminds the reader of a list. This is also evident in some of the language. The line A signet, a fan-mount, a filigree basket portrays that she has thought things and shows her determination to kill. It is also very logical which agree the reader question her sanity.I call back that Robert Browning structured the poem like this to make sure that we dont feel sympathy for her as she is shown as a cold killer. Robert Browning uses a technique called enjambment in the lines with her head/ and her breast and her arms and her hands should drop dead. This technique is an effective form of structure because it forces the reader to read it quickly which in effect speeds up the pace of the poem. Robert browning used this technique to make the poem more dramatic and also enables the reader to get to the end of the poem when Pauline will be killed.The poet uses repetition throughout the poem to create the image of insan ity and paranoia. While they laugh-laugh at me is used to make the reader believe that she is excited from the thought of her lover cheating on her. The word laugh is effective because it indicates to the reader that she is beyond feeling heartache and her rage has blinded her into paranoia. The punctuation has a wide job role in the Laboratory. It is used for pace as the commas are slowing the pace down in contrast to the language and poetical techniques which are speeding it up. The role of the punctuation is particularly illustrated in the lines Quickis itfinished? The colours too grim / Why not soft like the phials, alluring and dim? . This excerpt shows that the language picked was cleverly thought out as it makes the reader want to read faster, and the punctuation slows the reader again and slows the pace to make it more dramatic and tense. Throughout the poem the narrator talks about how she want to kill Pauline and how she will feel when she does it, but in this quote ne ar the end of the poem it says Let it brighten her drink, let her turn it and stir, /And try it and taste, ere she fix and prefer this suggests that Pauline would not realise that the poison is in her glass and would taste it and stir the drink more to make it taste better and subsequently mix the poison in her glass therefore lead story to her own death. In conclusion, I believe that Robert Browning uses all these techniques to engage the reader and make them feel the pain of the narrator. Through this poem I deplete learnt that power can go to peoples head if they use it wrongly. Throughout the essay I have been writing about Robert Brownings unique way of putting the reader into the writing. He also uses techniques to put emotion and life into the poem.Life in the 1800s was all about power and currency the more money you had the more power and influence you had. It was hard for women to be noticed as an equal because in those times women were known as the lesser species so had no power and were property to their father until marriage when they would be transferred to the husband. Women had no say in social matters or had any influence in the community. I believe Robert Browning was trying to say that women still have emotions and are equally strong physically and mentally which is shown in the well planned out take in the poem.

Good and Evil in Billy Budd Essay Example for Free

Good and Evil in baton Budd EssayContrast Between Good and Evil in Billy Bud Since the beginning of time, thither has always been a tenacious struggle between good and worthless. In a particular famous book, The Bible, the continuous clash between good and poisonous remains evident throughout the work. In Herman Melvilles novel, Billy Budd, symbolism, characterization, and irony are put to use to develop the dramatic product line between good and evil. symbolisation is used to directly contrast good and evil. The night before Billys hanging, through the uprise-tan of his complexion no pallor could have shown. Billy portrays a very keen Christ-like character before his demise. His white garb, and natural glowing of light makes his death seem symbolic for good. Claggort whos brow was of the sort phrenologically associated with more than average intellect symbolically manipulated Billy Budd as did the wisdom of the serpent manipulate Adam. Evil always tries to antagonize what is good. Therefore, Claggort was Billys antagonist throughout Billy Budd. Also symbolic to the novel is the echt demise of both Claggort and Billy Budd.Claggorts death is very short and appropriate to his navel grade. In contrast, Billys death occurs during the dawn where Billy asc prohibited and ascending took the full rose of the dawn. Claggorts death completely contrasts with the pure death of Billy Budd. Billys death is portrayed as good, conquering, and symbolic, which directly foils that of Claggorts. Not only using symbolism, Melville also uses characterization to contrast good and evil. Characterization is used to contrast the concepts of good and evil.Billy Budd is like a young horse fresh from the pasture suddenly inhaling a foul whiff from some chemical factory. Billys innocence and innocence is exterminated at the hands of his main enemy, sewer Claggort, much such as Adam presumably might have been ere the urbane Serpent wriggled himself into his company. Clag gorts silken jet curls and pallor tinged with a faint shade of amber skin even de none evil. low traits are often used to express evil, as light and beauty to express good.In contrast to Claggort, Billy Budds welkin-eyes, blonde hair, and tan complexion in conclusion portray good. Besides from the use of characterization and symbolism, Melville uses irony to portray the battle of good versus evil. Irony is used to contrast the concepts of good and evil. Billy, the fighting peacemaker kills John Claggort with a blow quick as the flame from a discharged cannon. It is ironic that Billy, this innocent Christ like character loses his composure and ultimately does something evil. through and through out the novel Billy Budd is never aware of Claggorts ill will towards him.Even when warned, Jemmy legs is down on you, Billy still can not grasp the concept that evil can happen to him, so when it does he doesnt know how to react. It is ironic that right before Billys hanging, he shouts God Bless superior Vere even though Vere was the main advocate in the prosecuting of him. It is overall ironic that evil prevails in this novel.Claggort unfortunately got the last laugh. He is able to adulterate Billys purity and innocence in such a way that even the newspapers consider Billy as the criminal who paid the penalty for his crime In the end Claggort is portrayed as this martyr who is killed by this evil, and bad person, Billy Budd.This assumption is a major mistake. To develop the dramatic contrast between good and evil in the novel, Billy Budd, Herman Melville uses symbolism, characterization, and irony. Good and evil are a flip of a coin, and separated by a very thin line. The innocent martyr, Billy crossed this line once in the novel, to cause his downfall. After reading Billy Budd the reader ultimately realizes good and evil with out a problem.

International Crime Statistics In Japanese Society Criminology Essay

International Crime Statistics In Nipponese Society Criminology EssayInternational discourtesy statistics indicate that the abhorrence marks for closely offences ar significantly lower in Japan compared to those among Western European nations.To what extent could the relatively low Japanese crime pass judgment be explained in terms of the comfortably-disposed composition of Japanese biotic community?When looking at comparative criminology, Japan is a good example. This is because the majority of the distressing evaluator system in Japan is borrowed from other countries and because adapted to fit in well with Japans cultural traditions. They look at the fundamentals of aff commensurate institutions from other countries and adapt them to fit in with their heritage. By comparing and looking at the systems in other countries it can armed service to establish an appropriate and utilizable look of carrying out their evaluator systems.The increase in the preservation in Japan in the 1980s and 90s drew interest from business hoi polloi somewhat the foundation. Also, along with this there was interest with justice officials on the success with Japan on responding to the crime problem. However, the accomplishments must be seen in light with its cultural heritage. Japans culpable justice system is interesting as they have successfully allow ford an effective response into the crime problem and have also adopted the guidelines and methods of the woeful justice systems in other countries to fit in with their own. I will be looking at informal social methods of chasteness as this contri hardlyes greatly in keeping the crime rate low in Japan.The following statistics show crime rates in Japan compared with other Hesperian European countriesThe 6th United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems between 1995 and 1997 showed that in 1995 the total crimes recorded in Japan stood at 1,421 per 100,000 population compar ed with 8,168 in Germany and 4,331 in Switzerland (UNCJIN, 19th January 2001).Finch (2001) found, using statistics from the Heisei 0nen no Hanzai, that in 1994 the Japanese homicide rate stood at 1.0 (per 100,000 population) while France stood at 4.7 and the UK at 2.7.The 2005 survey showed that Japan had a rotting rating of 6.9 compared with 8.6 in the UK (Transparency International, 2005).It is thought that the decline of crime has been linked with the decline in the increase of population due to post-war industrialization and the continuing urbanisation and the concomitant that there were fewer younger children. In spite of this, there has been an increase in crime since industrialization and urbanisation in western countries.This and so shows that it does non explain that post war industrialization and urbanisation is the reason for the decline in crime in Japan. Japan haschanged in a similar counsel to western countries in this sense but the difference is that Japan has no t undergone the same cultural transformations. Although Japan is not a rich country it has endure an industrial giant since World War 2. It is the only non-western country that has become industrialised and they export a number of products.The Japanese saw how expanding and becoming much industrialised would have a positive impact on their economy. They have been successful because of their competitive spirit. This style is rooted in the traditional cohesiveness of society marked by a sense of conformity and uniformity. This can then explain why a lot more attention is focused on the group rather than the individual. (Reischauer 1977) explains that the reliance upon the group is illustrated in a number of rooms. For example, a person is valued more as a member of the aggroup rather than for contributing individu tout ensembley. So the Japanese are very competitive but not creative. Also, parental authority and family ties are stronger in Japan than in western societies yet this is beginning to change.There are a lot of qualities that we consider that may have an impact on Japans successful criminal justice system and the impact that Japans cultural values may have on societys response and their criminal act. They are the most homogenous of people in the world as they have common history, language and race. Ninety nine per cent of its population is Japanese. By being a homogenous society it can help explain the low crime rate as they all share the common norms and have similar values.By the residents agreeing on what signifies being Japanese, social control becomes a lot easier as they have the same values and beliefs. However, this does not mean that homogeneity itself can explain the low crime rates as there are other examples worldwide where people all agree on the same norms and values yet there are still people that are not conforming to them. Due to the lack of Christian heritage, individuals that are in Japan arent guilt ridden when they do somethin g wrong as their culture doesnt think in them sinning. However, having a sense of belong has a huge impact on an individual in Japan. Deviant behaviour is considered a rejection of the social norms to which individuals are expected to conform to as they are part of the countrys tradition. As a result, if an individual does something wrong they would feel shame because they have violated the norms in society. promiscuous social control plays a huge part in Japanese society. In Japan this is applied to families, traditional religion, schools and work place. This method of informal social control is likely to be an important factor.The way of the groups and family in Japanese society is that there is collective responsibility and that everyone sticks together. Although there is individualism it is several(predicate) in a way that identity in Japan comes from the group that they belong to. Individualism in Japan comes from the individuals ability to produce, continue and guard consan guinitys.Theres part of collectivism whereby everyone is attached, for instance school, family, employer. This tie between the groups then creates a sense of obligation towards each of them. This is good as it can provide emotional nourish however it can also bring a lot of shame when a member of the group misbehaves. Parents are an example of this as they are seen to be decideable and apologetic of the behaviour of a fully grown child.Self control is something which is delayt earlier on for the Japanese. Developing self control is the most important comprise of socialization in Japan. This differs from western countries where educating a sense of self is more important. In Japan the main ways of socialization are families, schools and companies.The Family play a significant role in how their children behave. Individuals act within the limits of their family and community roles and are easily humiliated when deviating from them. There is a strong obligation to humour their fa mily, community and their nation.The Japanese learn that the group is an important part of their wellbeing. Family is an important aspect and is opposite to how most individuals handle things in other countries. Bayley (1991) states that, American mothers chase their children most the block to get them to come home Japanese mothers are chased by their children so as not to be left behind. This shows that Japanese children deference their mothers and actively seek out their attention. Individuals act within the limits of their family and community roles and are easily humiliated when deviating from them. Japanese children are under strict discipline at home. Most importantly they are taught to adhere to parental authority and so they are driven by parental expectations. For this reason they are allowed to depend on their parents. Japanese children have always had a lot of body contact with their parents, being carried on their mothers back, taking baths with parents and sleeping wi th them till around the age of quaternion-spot or five. This differs from western society where children are taught to sleep in their own beds in their own rooms at an early age. Japanese children are consequently treated as big babies instead of small adults. Because of this Japanese children are very dependent on their parents. Bayley (1991) is clear to point this out when describing how in western countries parents control badly behaved children by keeping them grounded in the home whereas in Japan parents threaten children by saying they will be locked out of the home. From this children learn their punishment by being excluded from the uchi world.In schools pupils are around a lot of school regulations.Those who disobey these regulations are not only criticized by their teachers but also by their peers. Through the hidden curriculum Japanese pupils develop social control. Schools completely encourage informal social control. Pupils unconstipated fear intercommunicate teach ers questions as they might be seen as revolting against the teacher. Also, Japanese pupils learn to not control selfish behaviour. They are taught this through small group activities such as cleaning. Pupils are also taught solidarity with the group and a shared responsibility for poor performance in the group. From this, Japanese pupils then learn that it is more comprehended to be part of a group rather than being alone as this is how it is in theuchiworld.The Japanese companies are described as Gemeinschaft Capitalism (Mawby 1990.) This is because all the local communities dont have an impact on individuals in contemporary Japan but companies have replaced this instead. Companies provide a lot of benefits and a sense of belonging to a big family as well as a sense of pride. So the companies then offer ontological security. This then means that the worker then must follow the strong informal control by their company and if they do not do so then they will be psychologically exc luded from their colleagues and the company which will mean losing the ontological security.The appreciation for hierarchal arrangements among people is another element of Japanese culture. Empey (1982) noted the importance of Americans distrust in the mid-sixties of their social institutions. However, the Japanese do not share this experience. Archambeault and Fenwick (1988) state that, group consciousness combines with a sense of order to force cooperative relationships between most segments of the Japanese community and their justice agencies. The respect of ones positions leads to citizens to honour and trust the justice system employees. Police courts and correction officials are seen as guardians of the societys morals as well as enforcers of the law. Because of the peoples faith in the agent of the system and the belief that decisions will be made according to what best serves society.The Japanese response to criminal offenders may differ to the response of other countries. W estern countries seek rehabilitation by encouraging the offender to become independent and responsible whereas the Japanese system looks at encouraging the offender to integrate voluntarily into the structured social order. The Japanese see the community as the best place for getting the voluntary integration. prison house is not seen as a useful way of achieving rehabilitation and this explains why there is such a low incarceration rate in Japan.Japans way of policing is effective as they have a working relationship between the citizens and their services.Those from western countries may be troubled by some of the ways that the relationship between them whole shebang. For example, there is a residential survey that is conducted twice a year by Koban officers. Policing in western countries wouldnt do this as it would mean overlap personal and neighbourhood information with police officers. Also, Parker (1984) writes how Koban officers that are on patrol will enter homes that are u nlocked and leave calling cards admonition occupants about their poor crime prevention habits. This is because police behaviour in Japan reflects a moral norm just as much as a legal one. Jury trial is a failure in Japan. As Shibahra says Japanese people prefer to be tried by a judge rather than by their neighbour. This is because the decisions of the jury may not be binding as the judge can disagree with it. The judge can then put the case before different jurys and so this is why in most cases defence councils go before the judge.Another reason for the effectiveness of Japans criminal justice system is because Japanese citizens tend to admit to misbehaviour.Another way that looks at explaining the effectiveness of policing is how the police respond to civilians with encouragement and support.As Bayley (1991) put it, the Japanese police and their citizens believe that each have to work through the other in order to make society a civil place to live. This support requires the poli ce to place importance on non-enforcement activities and towork together with people not just the ones that are breaking the law. This then results in service orientation which helps to explain the effectiveness in policing.Bayley (1991) also compares the policing in America with Japan. An American policeman is like a fireman he responds when he must. A Japanese policeman is more like a postman he has a daily round of low key activities that relate him to the lives of the people among whom he worksJapan is unique because of its low incarceration rate. This is surprising as it has the same objectives as most other countries, rehabilitation and retribution. Although they have similar aims, Japan is different in how they meet that aim. The majority of western countries try to solve rehabilitation by encouraging individualism whereas Japan looks at social responsibility.Although the success of the economy in Japan was an achievement they also had another by having a falling crime rate. The western countries believed that because of industrialisation and urbanization that this was the cause of the rising crime rate. Since the World War 2 the crime rate has continued to increase whereas in Japan they have experienced a falling crime rate in the same time.Japan has two different types of norm. One deals with members of the group where an individual belongs and the other deals with non members of the group where the individual belongs. The first consists of giri (Japanese traditional duty) but the later on appears to be more like western concepts of rights. This combination is Japanese perception of social environment which can be represented as two coaxal circles. The inner circle called uchi (home) and the outer circle called yoso (elsewhere).When the police catch criminals 99 percent of the time offenders that come before a judge are convicted and 99 percent of those that are convicted are sent to prison. The statistics can be misleading as informal controls are used at each stage disregardless of the formal terminology. Although this does seem impressive around half of the 99 per cent convicted have their prison sentence suspended and a lot of the time the offenders arent even placed in supervision.Japanese houses are small and are built on narrow streets close to each other. This makes operating social control systems and recognising degenerate behaviour easier as everyone in the community is known and it becomes hard to hide.Today you would see patrol cars being used as a modern way of policing but Japan doesnt agree with this method. Instead they believe in the deployment system of Koban. One fifth of patrol officers work in patrol cars whereas the remaining four fifths operate from Koban. The Japanese citizens favour the Koban and where there is a lot of congestion in cities it means that the Koban officers on foot or bicycle would be able to beat patrol cars to scenes where police response is needed. The services that are provided by the Koban and their officers reflect community policing.One of the major strengths with policing in Japan is the police shock system. These boxes are staffed by an officer who lives in the resource with his family and becomes a part of the community. The residents have to be registered with the local stations. Officers frequently do home visits and even provide general assistance.In order to answer the question on how the low crime rate can be explained in terms of the social organisation in Japan we have found that a lot of contributions are the cause of this. Japan has successfully taken laws from different counties and has adapted it to fit in with their own society. Also we have learnt that informal social control plays a huge part in Japanese society and can be the answer to why there is such a low crime rate in Japan. In Japan, individuals tend to feel more at home within a group be it at home with a family or with their peers in school or at work. They fear expulsion from these groups if they were to deviate from the norms and so are less likely to commit a crime.ReferencingAdler, F. (1983) Nations Not Obsessed With Crime, Colorado Fred Rothan Co..Braithwaite, J. (1989) Crime, Shame and Reintegration, Cambridge Cambridge University Press.CIVITAS (http//www.civitas.org.uk/crime/crimestats6.php)European Institute for Crime Prevention and Cntrol(http//www.heuni.fi/Etusivu/Publications/1266333832841Komiya, N. (1999) A Cultural Study of the Low Crime Rate in Japan, The British Journal of Criminology, Vol. 39 No.3. pp. 369-389.Miller, S., Kanazawa, S. (2000) Order by Accident The Origins and Consequences of Conformity in contemporaneous Japan. Oxford Westview Press.Reichel, P. (1994) Comparative Criminal Justice Systems, New York Prentice Hall.Appendix Module HandbookReichel, Philip L. (1999).Comparative criminal justice systems a topical approach. New island of Jersey Prentice Hall.Sheptycki, J. W. E., 1960- Wardak, Ali. (2005).Transnational and compar ative criminology. London GlassHouse.Terrill, Richard J. (1999).World criminal justice systems a survey. 4th ed. Cincinnati Anderson Publishing.

Effective Communication Is An Issue

Effective colloquy Is An IssueSocial puddle is a passkey and academic discipline that pursues to progress the quality of life and wellbeing of an individual, group, or community by intervening through research, policy, community organizing, direct practice, and coaching on behalf of those distressed with poverty or any very or perceived social injustices and violations of their human rights (Cavanagh Lane, 2012). To flummox all this happen, social workers have to snuff it with the hoi polloi affected and listen their problems carefully in order to take them out from the painful situation. Social work relies heavily on communicating to identify problems and solutions connect to social behaviours, including family relations, work congeal interactions and substance ab put on. Lack of communication can lead to customers shutting down, stepping away from assistance or losing trust in their social worker. maturation strong communication skills helps social workers work more eff iciently and effectively with clients, resulting in more positive outcomes with less confrontation and fewer missed opportunities.Communication is the ability to deliver/convey the thoughts, ideas or message effectively (Pathak Joshi, 2010). The exchange of thoughts, feelings, messages, or information, as by reading, speech, gestures, visuals, signals, writing, or behaviour is known as Communication. notwithstanding of the fact, that language is the main element of communication. However the linguistic structure of all the languages are same, although according to cultural differences, they are been expressed differently.There are some(prenominal)(prenominal) skills for a social work or a psychology profession to communicate with their clients, although this essay will discuss the major communication skills which should be utilize by psychological professional or a social worker towards his/her clients. Everybody needs to be heard and understood active listening is also angioten sin converting enzyme of the communication skills which make it possible (Kelan, 2007). Social workers have to focus on his/her client sayings and must answer appropriately. Listening actively will make the client feel more comfortable and in this way he/she can discuss all the issues faced.Questioning is another technique for healthier communication. It is the way in which the social worker will be able to get as much information as he/she need, to make the right decision for the client and show him/her the right path, which leads him/her towards better future.Moreover, silence is one of the virtuous types of communication which social workers exercise. Suppose, if the client is too much upset or suffering from something of real anxiety and emotional behaviour, then silence is the skill used by social workers to calm the client down. Once, the client come to normal, then the communication takes place to resolve the issue by providing different suggestion.Technical jargons or slangs are some of the barriers in communication that the client would not be able to understand. To make the communication effective and realistic, one must not use the slangs or jargons because social workers would not be having any idea, whether the language or technical edge they are using is being understood by their clients or is passing over the head of their client.Approaching open or goald question by the social workers is exercised while interviewing their clients. It is the quicker and easier way found to get quick response from the clients. Statistical interpretation can be assessed easily through close ended questions. Close questions are specific and are cost effective in survey method, although these questions do not offer the clients to express their desires and feelings.Communication skills all so often focus on picking the suitable words to reflect what theyre projected to convey, especially in social work. However listening body an important element of effective soc ial work communication. Social workers need to be vigilant about being active listeners while collaborating with clients, who may sometimes struggle to articulate their experiences. Focus attention on what clients, co-workers or controllers are saying by listening without worrying around what your reply will be. assume information to make sure youve understood, and ask additional questions to clarify information.When working with clients on a complex problem, non-verbal communication skills are critical for social workers. hinge upon or stand up straight when conversing to help stay alert. Social workers must lean towards clients when they speak to create familiarity, nodding to affirm that youre fol first-class honours degreeing along. hail-fellow-well-met eye contact should be maintained when culturally appropriate, they should not stare or prevent their eyes in awkwardness if someone begins to weep or cry. Says Pathak Joshi, 2010 that alteration into peoples breathing helps r ealize temperament held breath might specify fear, while shallow, hasty breath might reflect annoyance or a highly emotional state.It is basically a challenging task to understand the language of the people where one works, because of communication barrier (if any). The basic ttool for social work is communication, although to communicate effectively there need to be some research done. As on average, Social workers have to answer positively when they are asked several questions regarding the work they are doing for the wellbeing society or community.Social work can be very physically and emotionally demanding work. When coupled with long hours and low pay and benefits, the turnover rate for social work can be quite high, especially among first-year social workers. This can be countered if supervisors use empathic communication skills to provide support and prevent burnout. Asking your social workers focused questions can help them identify problems and solutions more quickly. Prov ide constructive feedback to recognize successes and pay negative effects of setbacks. Apologize for mistakes, misunderstandings or instances when you werent fully able to address the needs of your staff.Social workers must consistently undergo self-examinations about beliefs, attitudes, thoughts, feelings, fears and prejudices toward clients or situations to be effective communicators. Unexamined attitudes about drug use, child neglect, cultural biases or language choice may affect how you communicate with clients.It might be concluded that communication plays an important role in making relationship strong and to help other understand the right meaning to its best. The language social workers and psychology professionals use to communicate in their profession must be easy for the client understand. Psychology professional and social worker must ask questions, remain silent, gestures, communicate empathetically, listen, reflect and build rapport, clarify towards their clients wher e appropriate. Social workers or psychology professionals must be aware of assumptions held when communicating with clients, supervisors or other social workers related to the shift these may prevent them from seeing the things objectively and helping develop an appropriate solution.

Operant and Classical Conditioning in Advertising

operative and Classical Conditioning in AdvertisingBuyer deportment and marketing communicationsClassical Conditioning TheoryOperant breeding hypothesis skunk be compared to virtuous learn learning theory, as some(prenominal) are methods through which behaviour can be modified. The make difference is that operative learning is based on modifying the consequences of behaviour, whilst unpolluted instruct is based on the use of stimuli to modify behaviour. This can most clearly be seen by reference to Pavlovs (1927) and Skinners (1957) experiments. Pavlovs (1927) experiments knobbed training dogs to associate the sound of a bell with being fed. As such, the dogs learnt to drool when they heard a bell, in anticipation of food, in spite of not controlling when the food was delivered. This demonstrates upright learn learning. In contrast, Skinners (1957) experiments involved placing rats in separate boxes each of which contained a bar. When the rat pressed the bar, a consequ ence would occur. Some rats were fed when they pressed their bar, whilst others suffered an electric car shock. Other rats were given an electric shock until they pressed the bar, when the shock went away. Over time, the rats learnt to moderate their behaviour, either to obtain the benefits or to avoid the harmful mental pictures. This is an example of operant learning (Domjan, 2003).As a result of the interactive nature of operant learning, advertising has traditionally been based on classical condition, with campaigns generally intended to drive dynamic learning within consumers, thus moderating their behaviour to associate a product with a certain type of reward. Ackerberg (2003) claims that this reward can be either some make water of tangible benefits or it can be based on image, check off or prestige benefits. However, Ackerbergs (2003) look indicated that traditional advertising does not always tend to affect consumer behaviour, instead simply acting to inform consumers and enable them to choose products which fit their self image. This is beef upd by Osselaer and Alba (2000) who argue that employ the advertising process to attempt to enhance brand equity can often result in a decrease in customer knowledge of the attributes utilise to judge product quality. This is particularly the case when a company already has an existing reputation based on product quality, indicating that consumers are more than likely to trust the operant instruct they prepare developed from using products, rather than the perception of verbalise products.However, the recent rise of interactive media such as e-mail and the internet offer companies the chance to include more operant condition principles in the advertising and promotional campaigns, by allowing customers to interact with products through practical(prenominal) multimedia environments. This efficaciously allows companies to achieve a balance between indirect advertising and direct, but expensive and n arrowly focuse, product trials, whilst maintaining a wide reach. Indeed, research by Daugherty et al (2008) has shown that when comparing the direct, indirect, and virtual marketing methods, the virtual methodology can have the greatest impact on brand attitudes, particularly when it is followed up by exposure to advertising or a direct trial. This indicates that virtual advertising allows companies to obtain the best of both(prenominal) worlds, aiding in the indirect, classical conditioning, approach and the direct, operant learning, approach (Daugherty et al, 2008). As such, the consequence tends to suggest that both operant and classical learning can be used in the creation of advertising campaigns.However, evidence from Pawlowski et al (1998) shows that existing conditioning and learning pull up stakes as well play an important role in perceptions of advertising, and the ability of campaigns to affect consumer behaviour. This was demonstrated by Pawlowski et als experiments with children in the American second, fourth, and sixth grades, who were shown four advertisements. The older children were better able to interpret the metaphors from the advertisements, as well as the brand names and proper(postnominal) advertising copy. However, in spite of the increased levels of understanding with age, there was little evidence that the advertising messages improved the perceptions of the advertised products. This not only indicates that peoples experience and development lead affect their interpretation of advertising, but also that it is important to ensure that advertising is correctly pitched in order to reinforce or punish existing perceptions to boost the operant conditioning effect.Some evidences as to how this can be achieved can be found in the imprint of Ottemann and Lethans (1975), who argued that operant learning theory and behavioural modification principles could be used to affect the organisational behaviour of major organisations. Their work was based on the use of organisational behaviour modification programs, and their effectuate on the performance of first line supervisors who had been ingenious to manage their behaviour on a contingent basis. The results of said study revealed that supervisors who had been trained to moderate their behaviour, according to the operant conditions, achieved consistently superior performance levels when compared to their peers who had experienced no such training (Ottemann and Luthans, 1975). This could be argued to indicate that operant learning theory is always of use in moderating behaviour, and that this usefulness tends to be increased as the relevancy of the stimulus in increased.Within advertising, till and Priluck (2000) refer to the relevance of a stimulus, and also to stimulus generalisation, which refers to the extent to which a response conditioned to one stimulus transfers to similar stimuli. Indeed, in the context of using conditioning and learning for advertising camp aigns, stimulus generalisation is vital for factors such as brand extension and brand imitation. This argument is supported by deuce studies carried out by Till and Priluck (2000), which show that once an advertising or promotion campaign has conditioned customer attitudes towards a particular brand, they can then transfer said attitudes to a product in a similar category, or with a similar name. However, the results of the studies also suggested that this may only be a temporary effect, and that customers leave alone ultimately also need to be conditioned to the new product or category (Till and Priluck, 2000). In addition, Kim et al (1998) argue that existing attitudes and the nature of an operant learning approach can affect the extent to which these attitudes can be transferred, as well as the formation of new attitudes and product beliefs. This continues to indicate that both operant learning and classical conditioning will run into problems if they attempt to run against exis ting environmental conditioning which exists in consumers.However, Grossman and Till (1998) carried out two experiments which tended to indicate that classical conditioning learning can be used to overcome existing environmental conditioning through advertising, although this was found to be a long term effect. This finding is based on the use of classical conditioning procedures which matched favourable images and representations to a brand of mouthwash. The first experiment was based on simple exposure, the impact of which was then measured immediately after the experiment and again after one week and three weeks had elapsed. The second study used the same methods and procedures, but in a more controlled environment and over a longer period of time. This showed that not only do classical conditioning adverts tend to be durable in the minds of consumers, but also that they can gradually alter existing perceptions over time (Grossman and Till, 1998). Similar results were shown by H err and Fazio (1991), withal their research also examined the use of both attributional and cognitive, verbal learning techniques in order to maximise the conditioning affects. Such repeated and varied positioning of the brand as being favourably evaluated was shown to be more effective than simply using a single technique (Herr and Fazio, 1991).Another area in which both classical and operant learning and conditioning can be used in advertising is in the use of celebrities as conditioned stimuli to help with the associative learning process. Recent work by Till et al (2008) has established that the use of celebrities in advertising can actually have an active, operant conditioning, effect on conditioning, in spite of advertising being more of a classical conditioning medium. In addition to this, the operant learning effects will tend to be more effective when there is a fit between celebrity and product, and will also tend to be more enduring than peer products with no celebrity e ndorsement (Till et al, 2008). Similar observations have been made for the use of event or sports team sponsorship, although this has been shown to have more of a classical conditioning than an operant learning effect (Speed and Thompson, 2000). Again, the effectiveness of this approach is driven by the fit between the sponsor and event or team as well as perceptions of the sponsor and their motivations for the sponsorship (Speed and Thompson, 2000).However, in spite of the now widespread use of classical conditioning as a method for interpreting the effects of advertising, and the less wide spread use of operant learning, there are still critics of these approaches. In particular, Allen and Madden (1985) argue that there is a need for a more precise affective-conditioning hypothesis to be created in order to better describe the effects of advertising, and in the absence of unequivocal evidence to support classical conditioning effects. In addition, Stuart et al (1987) conducted exp eriments to determine exactly what classical conditioning effects could be observed within the context of advertising and consumer behaviour. These experiments demonstrated that whilst classical attitude conditioning could be observed at all four levels of stimulus pairing, environmental conditioning and latent inhibition acted to strongly retard these conditioning effects. This implies that the affect of classical conditioning approaches in advertising cannot be accurately predicted, due to the wide range of environmental and latent inhibitions which will be inborn in the majority of consumers who have already been exposed to advertising for any great length of time (Stuart et al, 1987).One example of an advertising campaign which has used classical conditioning and operant learning is the move by the supermarket chain Sainsburys to use celebrity chef Jamie Oliver to front a major advertising campaign, and effectively be the TV face of Sainsburys (Wheeler, 2003). This advertising campaign can be seen to have a strong classical conditioning effect, as it helps customers to associate the products and mark that they see in Sainsburys stores with a well recognised culinary expert. In addition, the use of a relevant celebrity will provide operant learning, something which has been supported by the inclusion of promotional materials such as Jamie Oliver recipe cards, which have been made available to customers. Wheeler (2003) provides evidence of the success of the operant conditioning impact of this campaign after Oliver demonstrated how to use Sainsburys truffle butter to cook an appetising Christmas turkey, Sainsburys reported selling more than 50,000 jars of the product. This shows that Olivers recommendations, shown on TV, on recipe cards and in store, conditioned customers to associate the butter with cooking a high quality meal, thus increasing sales.However, there is also evidence that Sainsburys has suffered somewhat from existing environmental condition ing towards Oliver, with Walker (2005) reporting that Oliver is someone that people either love or hate. As such, some people will already have negative conditioning nearly Oliver, and this conditioning will act to inhibit any conditioning around Sainsburys brand and products. In addition, Olivers actions, such as refusing to use Sainsburys farmed salmon in his restaurants despite endorsing it for the company, will also impair conditioning as people will perceive a conflict between the two stimuli (Walker, 2005). On addition, Olivers personal views can also condition customers against the Sainsburys brand, as reported by the Telegraph (2008) when Oliver attacked Sainsburys for failing to turn up to a debate on factory farming. Whilst the company allowed a superior director to be interviewed as part of the program, and none of the other major supermarkets sent representatives to the debate, the conditioned connexion between Oliver and Sainsburys means that the consequences of non attendance will likely be higher for Sainsburys, and may further impair conditioning.In addition, Sainsburys should look to boost its use of Oliver in more operant conditioning settings, in order to overcome these issues. For example, the supermarket could make use of the interactive nature of the internet to set up a cook with Jamie part of the site, where customers could download recipes and hitch how they are cooked. This would help them make associations between buying Sainsburys products and cooking appetising meals, as well as making it easier for them to cook meals once they have bought the ingredients. The campaign could also be boosted by the use of more in store activities associated with Oliver, such as holding in store tastings of products he has endorsed, or demonstrating their use in store. For example, in the week before Xmas, by holding a demonstration of how to use the truffle butter mentioned above to cook a turkey, Sainsburys could have benefitted from operant co nditioning and learning, and further boosted its sales of the product.In conclusion, in spite of the difficulties associated with using both operant conditioning and classical conditioning in advertising and promotions, it is clear that both techniques still have significant potential applications to real life advertising campaigns. In particular, the use of the internet and association with well known celebrities allows retailers, and other businesses, to benefits from the combined effects of classical conditioning and operant learning, to further boost associations. By doing so, and ensuring that the associations are relevant and pertinent to the customers, retailers can achieve both short term success, as seen in the truffle butter example above, and long term success, as described by Grossman and Till (1998), by making long term adjustments to the environmental conditioning of their customers.ReferencesAckerberg, D. A. (2003) Advertising, learning, and consumer choice in experie nce good markets an empirical examination. International Economic Review Vol. 44, outgrowth 3, p. 1007-1040.Daugherty, T. Li, H. and Biocca, F. (2008) Consumer learning and the effects of virtual experience relative to indirect and direct product experience. Psychology Marketing Vol. 25, edit 7, p. 568-586.Domjan, M. E. (2003) The Principles of schooling and Behaviour Fifth Edition. Belmont, CA Thomson / Wadsworth.Grossman, R. P. and Till, B. D. (1998) The Persistence of Classically Conditioned Brand Attitudes. Journal of Advertising Vol. 27, Issue 1, p. 23-31.Herr, P. M. and Fazio, R. H. (1991) On the Effectiveness of Repeated Positive Expressions as an Advertising Strategy. Advances in Consumer interrogation Vol. 18, Issue 1, p. 30-32.Kim, J. Jeen-Su L. and Bhargava, M. (1998) The Role of Affect in Attitude Formation A Classical Conditioning Approach. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science Vol. 26, Issue 2, p. 143-152.Osselaer, S. M. J. A. and Alba, J. W. (2000) Consumer Learning and Brand Equity. Journal of Consumer Research Vol. 27, Issue 1, p. 1-16.Ottemann, R. and Luthans, F. (1975) An Experimental Analysis Of The Effectiveness Of An Organizational Behavior Modification Program In Industry. Academy of Management legal proceeding p. 140-142.Pavlov, I. P. (1927) Conditioned Reflexes An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex. London Oxford University Press.Pawlowski, D. R. Badzinski, D. M. and Mitchell, N. (1998) Effects of Metaphors on Childrens Comprehension and Perception of Print Advertisements. Journal of Advertising Vol. 27, Issue 2, p. 83-98.Skinner, B. F. (1957) communicative Learning. New York Appleton-Century-Crofts.Speed, R. and Thompson, P. (2000) Determinants of Sports Sponsorship Response. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science Vol. 28, Issue 2, p. 227-238.Stuart, E. W. Shimp, T. A. and Engle, R. W. (1987) Classical Conditioning of Consumer Attitudes Four Experiments in an Advertising Context. Journ al of Consumer Research Vol. 14, Issue 3, p. 334-349.Telegraph, The (2008) Sainsburys acting chicken, says Jamie Oliver. The Daily Telegraph and Telegraph.co.uk. 8th January 2008. Accessed 20th July 2008 http//www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1574897/Sainsburys-playing-chicken,-says-Jamie-Oliver.htmlTill, B. D. and Priluck, R. L. (2000) Stimulus Generalization in Classical Conditioning An Initial Investigation and Extension. Psychology Marketing Vol. 17, Issue 1, p. 55-72.Till, B. D. Stanley, S. M. and Priluck, R. L. (2008) Classical conditioning and celebrity endorsers An examination of belongingness and resistance to extinction. Psychology Marketing Vol. 25, Issue 2, p. 179-196.Walker, A. (2005) Profile Jamie Oliver. BBC News Magazine. 30th March 2005. Accessed 20th July 2008 http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4394025.stmWheeler, B. (2003) Sainsbury banks on fresh Oliver ads. BBC News Business. 11th June 2003. Accessed 20th July 2008 http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/2979646.st m

The Human Condition: Message Lost in the Capitalist Machine :: Hannah Arendt Human Condition Essays

The Human Condition Message Lost in the Capitalist Machine   In The Human Condition, by Hannah Arendt, the fundamental qualities of sympathetic behavior are described and analyzed. These qualities are first described by discussing the different entities present in the lives of Athenian Greeks. This partition of human life into separate units is supposed to be applied to modern American society as well, however, the structure of todays social order differs from that of quaint Greek. These disparities cause the analysis and ideas projected on the human condition to be contrasting as well.   Arendt refers to the three elements of the human condition as vita activa labor, work, and action, which correspond to the designer which human being have been granted life. According to Arendt, labor is the biological functions which define life itself, work is the artificial function of human existence and so defined as worldliness, and action is drill that goes on between man and m atter and leads to the permanence of a particular humans existence. These divisions are important in viewing the human life as a whole, seeing how Arendt divides it into two realms the private and public. The private realm is where work is executed and labor is present, and a hierarchical family is the basis of activity with the male at the top. Since work and labor are when humans are at their most natural state and in touch with their biological functions, this is the simplest celestial orbit of life. The public realm, which only exists for the dominant figure in the family, is most fast related with action and is where man gains a sense of freedom. This freedom comes from the fact that when humans meet in public, they discuss ideas and exchange views. Through this exchange, thoughts are developed free from the constraints of private life and primordial necessities. In this respect, freedom in the past Greek world was defined as the ability to contemplate thoughts and discuss s ocially. This is where the morals and ideals of society are formed and a common good is derived which creates a social standard.   These social standards and their methods of development were valid during the days of ancient Greece, but are not contemporaneous with modern American society. The society of modern America, which coincides closely with the society of the rest of Western Civilization, cannot be analyzed on the same levels that Arendt evaluates ancient Greek culture in respect to her proposed human conditions.